1. WORD OF THE DAY
hebetude

2. web page: faculty.kutztown.edu/butler/
BIO Intro to Zoology
Dr. Nancy Butler
Office: Boehm 246, x34791
Tues& Thurs 12:00-1:00
Wed 10:00-1:00
web page: faculty.kutztown.edu/butler/

4. How to Succeed in This (or ANY) Class
Attendance R
Read T
Take Notes
Study Your Notes S

5. Evolution of Animal Diversity
Ch. 1
The Science of Zoology
And
Evolution of Animal Diversity
LECTURE

6. The Principles of Science
Natural Law
Explained by reference to natural law
Testable
Can be modified
Can be disproved

7. The Scientific Method Results Not Consistent With Hypothesis
Observations
Hypothesis
Predictions
Tests
Results Consistent With Hypothesis
THEORY!

8. Developing Hypotheses
The Scientific Method
Developing Hypotheses
Inductive Reasoning
Specific  General
Deductive Reasoning
General  Specific

9. factors that influence a process
The Scientific Method
Experimental Design
Variables
factors that influence a process
Controls
factors that are kept constant to provide comparison to the results of an experimental manipulation

10. The Scientific Method Theories, Principles, & Laws
Theory: Integration of numerous well-supported hypotheses
Principles: Theories with little likelihood of being refuted
Laws: Principles of great importance

11. The Scientific Method Proximate Causes Ultimate Causes
Experimental Method
Ultimate Causes
Comparative Method

12. The Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory

13. All living things are related and They have changed over time
Anaximander BC
Aristotle BC

14. Leonardo da Vinci
( )
Galileo
( )

15. Jean Lamarck
( )
James Hutton
( )
Charles Lyell
( )

16. Charles Darwin
( )
Alfred Wallace
( )

17. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

18. The living world is neither constant nor in a predictable cycle
1. PERPETUAL CHANGE
The living world is neither constant nor in a predictable cycle

19. All life forms descended from a common ancestor
2. COMMON DESCENT
All life forms descended from a common ancestor

20. 3. MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES
Evolution produces new species by splitting and transforming old species

21. 4. GRADUALISM
Differences between species originate by accumulation of numerous incremental changes over long periods of time

22. Organisms undergo change to meet the demands of their environment
5. NATURAL SELECTION
Organisms undergo change to meet the demands of their environment
adaptation

23. Potential to Increase Numbers
Observation 1
Potential to Increase Numbers
Observation 2
Population Size Stays Constant
Observation 3
Resources are Limited

24. Struggle for Existence
Inference #1
Struggle for Existence
Observation 4
Variation Exists in Populations
Observation 5
Variation is Heritable

25. Differential Survival and Reproduction
Inference #2
Differential Survival and Reproduction
Inference #3
Generates New Adaptations and New Species

26. Evidence of Darwin’s Five Theories of Evolution

27. The Fossil Record Mass extinctions Cambrian Explosion
66 m.y.b.p. - present
m.y.b.p.
Mass extinctions
m.y.b.p.
Cambrian Explosion

28. The Cambrian Explosion

29. The Fossil Record (cont.)

30. Biogeography
Allopatric Speciation
Ensatina distribution

31. Homologous Structures
Comparative Anatomy
Homologous Structures

32. Comparative Anatomy (cont)
Ontogeny
Vestigial Structures
Biochemistry
DNA
ATP
enzymes

33. Galapagos Finches

34. Galapagos Tortoises

36. Revisions of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory

37. small-scale genetic changes within populations
EVOLUTION OCCURS AT
TWO LEVELS
1. Microevolution
small-scale genetic changes within populations
2. Macroevolution
large-scale results of genetic changes (e.g. formation of new species or evolution of large scale trends across species)

38. Evolution via NATURAL SELECTION
evolution that occurs because individuals with some traits survive and reproduce better than do individuals with other traits

39. Populations
Population = group of similar individuals living in the same geographic area
Gene Pool = sum of all genetic information within a population
Over-reproduction
Variation Among Individuals
Heritable Traits
Differential Survival

40. Population Genetics Hardy-Weinberg Law genes alleles genotype
phenotype
Hardy-Weinberg Law
When a population is NOT evolving, the allele frequencies will stay constant

41. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1. No Mutation
2. No Gene Flow
3. Random Mating
4. No Genetic Drift
5. No Selection

42. Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Where:
p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele

43. Consider a single locus bearing two alleles
H (Hairy)
h (hairless)
HH = hairy = 16
Hh = hairy = 48
hh = hairless = 36
p = frequency of H = 0.4
q = frequency of h = 0.6

44. changes in allele frequencies over time
NATURAL SELECTION
evolution that occurs because individuals with some traits survive and reproduce better than do individuals with other traits
RESULT?
changes in allele frequencies over time

45. 1. Stabilizing Selection
Three Patterns of Macroevolution
1. Stabilizing Selection
Favors intermediate forms and selects against extremes

46. 2. Directional Selection
Three Patterns of Macroevolution
2. Directional Selection
Tends to favor forms at one extreme of the range of variation

47. Three Patterns of Macroevolution
3. Disruptive Selection
Tends to favor forms at the extremes and selects against intermediate forms

48. SLOWLY How fast do these changes occur?
Darwinian Evolution  Gradualism
Periods of Rapid Evolutionary Change
 Punctuated Equilibrium

49. Divergence from original population  similar, but different populations
RESULT = SPECIATION

50. WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION?