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WORD OF THE DAY hebetude
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web page: faculty.kutztown.edu/butler/
BIO Intro to Zoology Dr. Nancy Butler Office: Boehm 246, x34791 Tues& Thurs 12:00-1:00 Wed 10:00-1:00 web page: faculty.kutztown.edu/butler/
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How to Succeed in This (or ANY) Class
Attendance R Read T Take Notes Study Your Notes S
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Evolution of Animal Diversity
Ch. 1 The Science of Zoology And Evolution of Animal Diversity LECTURE
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The Principles of Science
Natural Law Explained by reference to natural law Testable Can be modified Can be disproved
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The Scientific Method Results Not Consistent With Hypothesis
Observations Hypothesis Predictions Tests Results Consistent With Hypothesis THEORY!
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Developing Hypotheses
The Scientific Method Developing Hypotheses Inductive Reasoning Specific General Deductive Reasoning General Specific
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factors that influence a process
The Scientific Method Experimental Design Variables factors that influence a process Controls factors that are kept constant to provide comparison to the results of an experimental manipulation
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The Scientific Method Theories, Principles, & Laws
Theory: Integration of numerous well-supported hypotheses Principles: Theories with little likelihood of being refuted Laws: Principles of great importance
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The Scientific Method Proximate Causes Ultimate Causes
Experimental Method Ultimate Causes Comparative Method
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The Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory
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All living things are related and They have changed over time
Anaximander BC Aristotle BC
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Leonardo da Vinci ( ) Galileo ( )
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Jean Lamarck ( ) James Hutton ( ) Charles Lyell ( )
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Charles Darwin ( ) Alfred Wallace ( )
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Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
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The living world is neither constant nor in a predictable cycle
1. PERPETUAL CHANGE The living world is neither constant nor in a predictable cycle
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All life forms descended from a common ancestor
2. COMMON DESCENT All life forms descended from a common ancestor
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3. MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES
Evolution produces new species by splitting and transforming old species
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4. GRADUALISM Differences between species originate by accumulation of numerous incremental changes over long periods of time
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Organisms undergo change to meet the demands of their environment
5. NATURAL SELECTION Organisms undergo change to meet the demands of their environment adaptation
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Potential to Increase Numbers
Observation 1 Potential to Increase Numbers Observation 2 Population Size Stays Constant Observation 3 Resources are Limited
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Struggle for Existence
Inference #1 Struggle for Existence Observation 4 Variation Exists in Populations Observation 5 Variation is Heritable
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Differential Survival and Reproduction
Inference #2 Differential Survival and Reproduction Inference #3 Generates New Adaptations and New Species
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Evidence of Darwin’s Five Theories of Evolution
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The Fossil Record Mass extinctions Cambrian Explosion
66 m.y.b.p. - present m.y.b.p. Mass extinctions m.y.b.p. Cambrian Explosion
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The Cambrian Explosion
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The Fossil Record (cont.)
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Biogeography Allopatric Speciation Ensatina distribution
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Homologous Structures
Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures
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Comparative Anatomy (cont)
Ontogeny Vestigial Structures Biochemistry DNA ATP enzymes
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Galapagos Finches
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Galapagos Tortoises
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Revisions of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory
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small-scale genetic changes within populations
EVOLUTION OCCURS AT TWO LEVELS 1. Microevolution small-scale genetic changes within populations 2. Macroevolution large-scale results of genetic changes (e.g. formation of new species or evolution of large scale trends across species)
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Evolution via NATURAL SELECTION
evolution that occurs because individuals with some traits survive and reproduce better than do individuals with other traits
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Populations Population = group of similar individuals living in the same geographic area Gene Pool = sum of all genetic information within a population Over-reproduction Variation Among Individuals Heritable Traits Differential Survival
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Population Genetics Hardy-Weinberg Law genes alleles genotype
phenotype Hardy-Weinberg Law When a population is NOT evolving, the allele frequencies will stay constant
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
1. No Mutation 2. No Gene Flow 3. Random Mating 4. No Genetic Drift 5. No Selection
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Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Where: p = frequency of dominant allele q = frequency of recessive allele
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Consider a single locus bearing two alleles
H (Hairy) h (hairless) HH = hairy = 16 Hh = hairy = 48 hh = hairless = 36 p = frequency of H = 0.4 q = frequency of h = 0.6
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changes in allele frequencies over time
NATURAL SELECTION evolution that occurs because individuals with some traits survive and reproduce better than do individuals with other traits RESULT? changes in allele frequencies over time
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1. Stabilizing Selection
Three Patterns of Macroevolution 1. Stabilizing Selection Favors intermediate forms and selects against extremes
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2. Directional Selection
Three Patterns of Macroevolution 2. Directional Selection Tends to favor forms at one extreme of the range of variation
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Three Patterns of Macroevolution
3. Disruptive Selection Tends to favor forms at the extremes and selects against intermediate forms
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SLOWLY How fast do these changes occur?
Darwinian Evolution Gradualism Periods of Rapid Evolutionary Change Punctuated Equilibrium
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Divergence from original population similar, but different populations
RESULT = SPECIATION
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WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION?
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