1. Language & Education Policy
Language, Culture, and Society

2. Unit 2 Final Paper - Format
The paper should be 4 pages long, typed, and double-spaced.
Use standard font such as Times New Roman, Times, Helvetica, or Ariel. Font size should be 12 points and paper margins should be 1 inch.
Include the paper title and your name on the first page, and a header throughout the paper containing page numbers.
Save the paper in the appropriate folder on your flash drive.

3. Unit 2 Final Paper - Structure
The paper should have (at least) the following sections:
Introduction: one to two paragraphs summarizing the main points.
Methodology: one to two paragraphs providing:
listing the demographic information of the interviewee
explaining the relationship between interviewer and interviewee
describing the interview context and situation
Data analysis: this should be most of the paper (at least 2 pages).
Apply at least two key concepts from the class to the issues discussed in the interview.
For each key concept, provide specific details and examples from the interview.
Make a clear connection between your evidence and the concept. Discuss its significance in terms of the purpose of your paper.
Include at least two direct quotes from the interview to support your main points.
Conclusion: one paragraph that wraps up your paper. This can be in the form of a summary or concluding remarks and final thoughts.

4. What is Bilingual Education?
Definition:
Using two languages to teach academic content
Why is bilingual education used?
Teaching English
Acculturating immigrants to a new society
Preserving a group’s linguistic and cultural heritage
Teaching English speakers a second language
Developing national language resources

5. Bilingual Education Policy
Laws about bilingual education have been appearing nationally since 1839
1968- Bilingual Education Act
Provided federal funding to encourage local school districts to try native language instruction
2001- No Child Left Behind Act
Requires teachers of bilingual education be fluent in English and any other language used in class
Gives parents choice to enroll children in bilingual education program
What do we know that was occurring in the 60s? (civl rights movements)
NCLB:
3 yr time limit of bilingual programs
After a student has been in school for 3 consecutive years, English only instruction must commence, regardless of the student’s English speaking ability

6. State Level Policy Ohio- 1839 Texas- 1969 Hawaii-1978
First state to authorize a bilingual education law for German-English instruction
Texas- 1969
Texas Legislature passed the state’s first bilingual education bill
Repealed the “English Only” laws of 1918 which made it a misdemeanor for any teacher to use a language other than English in school
Hawaii-1978
Some bilingual schools: English & Hawaiian Pidgin Creole
Hawaii- some schools

7. California Language Policy
Prop 38 (1984) – required election ballots in English only, but ruled unconstitutional
Prop 63 (1986)- made English the official language of CA
Prop 187 (1994)- denied public services (health care and education) for undocumented immigrants, but ruled unconstitutional
Prop 227 (1998)- banned bilingual education within CA
1980s there was a large increase in immigration- to CA specifically
- different cultures bring diff langs
- Prop 38– unconstitutional because denied right to vote based on language discrimination
Prop 63:
How many of you think the US has an official language? What do you think it is? What about CA?
- Prop 227
Still in place today; allows parent request bilingual ed
Children in CA should be taught English by being taught in English
But currently has a 92% failure rate because students not leaving on time

8. Language Teaching Methods
English Only Methods
Submersion (aka “sink or swim”)
Structured Immersion (aka “English Second Language/ESL”)
Bilingual Education
Transitional Bilingual Education
Maintenance/ Development/ Additive
Dual Immersion
Submersion:
Used until 70s and may still be used today
No direct language learning assistance
Problems?
Structured:
After prop 227
ESL instruction where learners learn English but in English
Transitional
In & Out; move into mainstream classes early
Aka “Subtractive” b/c tends to elimintate fluency of home language
Maintenance
Goal is to help students develop their native lang skills as well as English
Dual Immersion
-teaching native speakers and nonnative speakers academic content in both langauges; proven as most effective

9. Bilingual Education and Language Ideologies
ENGLISH ONLY
BILINGUAL EDUCATION
English is the language of the ‘real world’
English as symbol of ‘American Culture’
Standard English
Unity
Diversity in the real world
Bilingualism opens doors to jobs; higher pay
Language connected to culture
More well rounded when you know more languages
What are some ideas, thoughts, opinions, attitudes that people have about language that would influence why people would advocate for English only or Bilingual education
Eng Only:
English is the state language
“If you come to America, you should learn our language”
Forced accomodation
Value of english
Symbol of unity; we will get along better if we speak english
Promote assimilation
Discourage immigration
Bilingual Ed:
Values of other types of languages & cultures
Language as a resource for education
America is diverse

10. Bilingual Education: the Debate
ENGLISH ONLY
BILINGUAL EDUCATION
American society- need English
Easier to have one standard form of speaking
Simple (bilingual education is confusing)
Cost of bilingual programs
Stigma- “others” students
No incentive to learn English if allowed to embrace native language
Large population is bilingual
Important for linguistic records
Maintaining culture & language use
Strengthens literacy in native language & English
Knowing languages expands brain capacity
Globalizing world
English Only:
Costs for bilingual teachers/ textbooks
other opportunities to learn languages, not in school
illertacy in native langauge
Bilingual Ed:
- uses first lang as a resource
Eng only leads to loss of home language
Learning different languages triggers other parts of the brain and expands brain capacity and increase ability to learn Eng
Diff lang knowledge beneficial in future
Dialects of English/ slang: allows students to connect with material
Don’t feel excluded from school
Students have a right to be taught in a language they understand

11. Conclusion
Language ideologies, attitudes, and beliefs shape policy decisions that are made
Education is one of the strongest institutional ways to restrict or promote language use
What are you final thoughts on bilingual education or english only education?
Would you have liked to be taught in a bilingual education program? Have any of you ever had any experiences with bilingual education?
What about allowing other dialects of english in the classroom?

12. Office Hour Schedule
Tuesday
Wednesday