1. Social inclusion approach
Tulasi Sharan Sigdel
Dy. Director of Studies
Nepal Administrative Staff College
PhD Student, KU & NCCR North-South

2. Some arguments ‘For & Against’
समावेशी प्रावधानले निजामती सेवाको गुणस्तर ह्रास गर्‍यो।
समावेशीको सट्टा ती समूहलाई सशक्तीकरण गर्नुपथ्र्यो, अनि पो गुणस्तरमा सम्झौता गर्नुपर्ने थिएन।
जसका लागि समाबेसीको प्रावधान राखिएको हो, त्यो लक्षित समूहसम्म पुग्दै पुगेन र यसमा तिनै समूहका 'एलिट कब्जा' भयो।
ढिलो-चाँडोको कुरा मात्रै हो, निजामती सेवा पनि बहुसांस्कृतिक हुनुपर्छ l
समावेशीको कोटा छुट्याउनुको सट्टा सशक्तीकरण गर भन्नुको अर्थ तिनलाई जाऊ दिन्न भने बराबर हो।
उनै उम्मेदवारले पटक-पटक अवसर लिएको विषयमा आपत्ति गर्नु झलक्क हेर्दा स्वाभाविक लाग्छ। तर यसको यतिबेला आवश्यकता र औचित्य दुवै छ।
Source: कान्तिपुर, प्रा. कृष्ण पोखरेल, August 28, 2014
कक्षाकोठामा छलफलका लागि परिमार्जित गरी प्रस्तुत गरिएको l
11/14/2018
NASC 2015

3. Preamble: Good governance act 2064
Whereas, it is expedient to make legal provision in relation to good governance by making public administration of the country pro-people, accountable, transparent, inclusive and participatory and make available its outcome to the general public; upon adopting the basic values of good governance like rule of law, corruption–free and smart (lean or smooth) administration, financial discipline, and efficient management of public work and resources to create situation for providing public services in speedy and cost-effective manner; by bringing into execution (enforcement) of the right of the citizens upon having good governance by translating it to practical reality; …

4. Inclusive governance
Democracy, good governance and modernity cannot be imported or imposed from outside a country. Emile Lahoud Aid can work where there is good governance, and usually fails in its absence Lee H. Hamilton Accountability, responsiveness, integrity, and gender equality and social inclusion are the major components of inclusive governance
NASC 2014
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5. Understanding governance
World Bank (1991)
the process in which power is exercised for the management of a country's economic and social resources for development
UNDP (1997)
exercise of economic, political, and administrative authority to manage the country’s affairs at all level
UNDP (2004)
the complex of mechanisms, processes, relationships, and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their rights and obligations, and mediate their differences
©NASC, 2014

6. Understanding… Structure and agency debate Turke (2008) Structure
Actor
Synthesis
©NASC, 2014

7. NASC 2015
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8. The context problem in picture!!
Why we fail?
The context problem in picture!!
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Source: Matt Andrews; Limits of institutional reform in development 2013

9. Problem with reforms as signals
Adopted with little reflection on context
Involvement of champions but not the distributing agents who implement reforms
Deliver ‘results’ but ‘what people see is not what people get’
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10. Inclusive governance Accountability Responsiveness Integrity
Gender equality and social inclusion
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11. Inclusive governance: concept
Accountability- being answerable for decisions, actions and behaviours towards people
Integrity-being honest and fair.
Responsiveness: responding with empathy, courtesy and pro-activeness to people and their needs.
Social exclusion-systemic denial of rights, privileges and social systems
Social inclusion-removal of institutional barriers to overcome exclusions
GESI- approach to mainstream Women, Poor and Excluded (WPE)
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12. Forms of social inclusion/exclusion
Class based
Caste and ethnicity based
Gender based
Language based
Religion based
Area based
Age based
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13. Need for inclusive development
Physical weakness
Vulnerability
Isolation
Poverty
Powerlessness
Identity and recognition
Education
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14. Paradigms: Social inclusion/Exclusion
The Solidarity Paradigm
Dominant in France and influenced by the work of Rousseau
“Exclusion is the rupture of a social bond between the individual and society that is cultural and moral ... the poor, unemployed and caste/ethnic minorities are defined as outsiders” (de Haan, 2000)
Exclusion, according to Rousseau, produced “outsiders” and divided society.
Inclusionary measures emanate from this analysis have in mind the objective of re-establishing social solidarity based on a common humanity.
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15. Paradigms... The Specialization Paradigm
Based on the work of Hobbes and dominant in the United States
Individuals have specialist skills to contribute in society and that their identity as citizens arises from their unfettered ability to contribute to the good of society.
It assumes; individuals are able to move across boundaries of social differentiation and economic division of labour.
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16. Paradigms...
Cont...
Liberal models of citizenship emphasize the contractual exchange of rights and obligations ... exclusion reflects discrimination, the drawing of group distinctions that denies individuals full access to or participation in exchange or interaction.
Causes of exclusion are often seen in uninformed rights and market failures (de Haan, 2000).
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17. Paradigms... The Monopoly Paradigm Influenced by Weber’s work
Argument: “the social order is coercive, imposed through hierarchical power relations.
Exclusion is defined as a consequence of the formation of group monopolies [which] restrict access of outsiders through social closure” (de Haan: 2000).
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18. Why issue of inclusion important?
People felt that upon the emergence of Nepal as a nation-sate in 1768, the political process became exclusive prerogative to high-caste Hindu groups (Joshi and Rose, 2004).
The cultural groups and many caste/ethnic groups feel deprived and discriminated in political process. Even after the emergence of democracy, the exclusionary practices continued
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19. Cont…
State resources were captured by an exclusive group though the country is the mosaic of different caste/ethnic groups.
Poverty is rampant and concentrated in certain group and areas
People feel that certain groups are far behind because they are excluded from the mainstreaming development process.
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20. Empowerment for inclusive development
ASSETS
&
CAPABILITES
INSTITUTIONS
Elites
Middle
POOR & SOCIALLY
EXCLUDED
Livelihood Empowerment
Mobilization
Empowerment:
“… and to engage, influence & hold accountable the institutions that affect them.”
Increased influence
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21. Inclusive development: inclusion and empowerment
Social Inclusion: changes – at the system level – in the external institutional environment or the rules that determine distribution of assets, capabilities and voice necessary for WPE to exercise agency.
Empowerment: changes – at community level – in the internal self-perception and sense of agency of citizens’ including WPE and their access to assets, capabilities and voice.
Negotiation for more inclusive & equitable development
Gender and socially inclusive citizens’ rights to development
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22. Social justice approach to promoting inclusiveness
Macro-micro
the nature and ordering of social relations, the formal and informal rules which govern how members of society treat each other on a macro level and at a micro interpersonal level
Sameness and difference
social injustices, although interrelated throughout locales, emerge and grow differently in diverse contexts and circumstances
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23. Cont… Redistribution and recognition
The politics of recognition, emphasized by various feminist, communitarian cultural studies, queer, (dis)ability, postcolonial, psychoanalytical, and poststructuralist theories, take issue with the presuppositions put forth by this redistributive vision of social justice.
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24. Visualization of Fraser’s justice model
Micro/ Macro
Sameness and difference
Recognition and redistribution
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25. Nepalese case
Caste, ethnic and gender relationship helps to understand contemporary economic, political and social exclusion processes within a historic perspective
Horizontal inequality and injustice are hotly debated than the issues of vertical inequality and injustice
Empowerment and equity based approach to social inclusion is needed
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26. Important features of inclusive development
Spatial exclusion reflected through disparities in development
Gender-based exclusion manifested in ‘gender and development’ indicator
Caste/ethnicity-based exclusion of specific castes, communities, indigenous people, religious communities and nationalities
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27. Nepal’s efforts to inclusive development
Engendering development policies, plans and programs
Increasing participation of the excluded groups in policy/decision making through proportional representation and reservation
Promoting socially inclusive legal provisions
Improving access to resources, services and opportunities
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28. Constitutional provision to social inclusion
Women, Dalits, indigenous ethnic groups [Adivasi Janajati], Madhesi communities, oppressed groups, the poor farmers and labourers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in state structures on the basis of principles of proportional representation.
- Fundamental rights Interim constitution of Nepal, 2063
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29. Responsibilities of the state
Article 33 (c) states that it is the state responsibility to adopt a political system which fully abides by the universally accepted concepts of fundamental human rights, sovereign authority inherent in the people and supremacy of the people, social justice and equality etc.
The directive principle of the constitution states that preventing the concentration of available resources and means of the country within a limited section of society, by making arrangements for equitable distribution of economic gains based on social justice
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30. Inclusive approach to development
Social inclusion is one of the four pillars of the Nepal Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)/Tenth Plan
It has incorporated inclusion of women, children, Dalits, Adibasi Janajati and senior citizens, as well as separate policies and programs of human rights
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31. Cont...
Major development partners have now incorporated social inclusion as a core pillar in their assistance strategies
Empowerment and social inclusion play complementary roles in promoting equity of agency and sustainable prosperity for all.
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32. Cont… Inclusive service delivery Inclusive governance
Improving access to health
Improving access to education (scholarship)
Budget allocation for dalit, janajatis and women at VDC level
Inclusive governance
Local development groups and mandatory representation of excluded groups
Provision of local project selection committee in the absence of elected representatives
Affirmative action
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33. Way ahead Positive discriminatory policy
Focus to the poor (i.e. class based equity and social inclusion)
Action orientation
Empowerment and capability approach
Constitutional provision (needed?)
Implementation, implementation and implementation
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34. Thank You
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