1. 15
The Muslim Empires

2. The Ottoman Empire’s Growth and Decline
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3. The Ottoman Empire Osman (1280-1326); leader of Osman Turks
At first peaceful, pastoral people
Osmanli (Ottoman) dynasty
Byzantine Empire weakened by the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, 1204
Orkhan I ( ) attacked across the Bosporus into the Balkans
Murad I ( )
Reduces the Byzantine emperor to a vassal
Janissaries
Battle of Kossovo, 1389
Bayazid I( )
Mehmet II ( )
Constantinople, 1453

4. Expansion of the Empire
Selim I ( )
Consolidate control over Mesopotamia and Northern Africa
Pashas collected taxes
Decline in the seventeenth century

5. Turkish Expansion in Europe
Suleyman I the Magnificent ( )
Belgrade, 1521
Battle of Mohács, 1526
Vienna, 1529
Turkish defeated by the Spanish at Lepanto, 1571
Vienna, 1683

6. Nature of Turkish Rule Sultan Harem (Private domain of the sultan)
Evolution from bey to sultan
Topkapi Palace
Harem (Private domain of the sultan)
Place of women in the harem depends on giving birth to sons
Women of the harem often exercised influence
Members of the harems were often slaves
Educated and trained like Janissaries in the Devshirme
Harem made up of extended family; few used for sex
Grand Vezir, the chief minister
Provinces and districts governed by officials who combined civil and military functions
Senior officials assigned land by the sultan

7. Religion and Society in the Ottoman World
The Ottoman ruling elites were Sunni Muslims
Claimed the title of caliph
Had to uphold the Shari’a, Islamic Law
Sufism
Non-Muslims
Social classes
Position of women

8. Ottomans in Decline Battle of Carlowitz, 1699 Reasons for decline
Administrative system began to break down
Changes in the devshirme system
Corruption
Material affluence and impact of western ideas and customs
Weak rulers

9. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires, ca. 1683
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10. Ottoman Art
Pottery, rugs, textiles, jewelry, arms, armor, and calligraphy
Architecture
Santa Sophia and Blue Mosque in Istanbul
Tiles and mosaics; new glazed tile
Silk industry; rugs

11. The Safavid Shah Ismail (1487-1524) Was Sufi
Seized much of Iran and Iraq, 1501
Sent Shi’ite preachers into Anatolia
Ottomans attack Shah Abbas I the Great, 1580s
Safavid forced to move capital
Safavid reach the zenith of their glory
Problems following Abbas the Great

12. Safavid Politics and Society
Used Shi’ism as a unifying force
Pyramidal political system, shah at the top
Economy of commerce and manufacturing
Safavid Art and Literature
Isfahan
Textiles
Silk weaving
Painting

13. Interior of Blue Mosque. Located in Istanbul, Turkey
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14. The Mughal Empire
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15. The Grandeur of the Mughals
Mughal Dynasty: A “Gunpowder Empire”?
Babur ( )
Captures Delhi in 1526 and thus control of the northern plains
Humayun ( )
Was forced to flee in 1540
Recaptures Delhi in 1555
Akbar ( )
Expansion under Akbar
Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization
Religious tolerance
Din-I-ilahi (Divine Faith)
Administration
Legal system

16. Twilight of the Mughals
Jahangir ( )
In early years strengthened central control
Court falls under influence of one of his wives
Shah Jahan ( )
Killed all his rivals when he came to the throne
Expanded the boundaries
Growing domestic problems
Taj Mahal
Augangzeb ( )
Reforms and religious intolerance
Rebellions
Reasons for collapse
Draining of the imperial treasury
Decline in the competence of Mughal rulers
Loosely knit principalities
Unwillingness of the wealthy to accept authority

17. Impact of Western Power in India
The Portuguese arrived first
The English arrive at Surat in 1608
Send an ambassador in 1616
Fort William (Calcutta)
Dutch and French
Joseph François Dupleix
Pondicherry
Continued English activities
Sir Robert Clive
British East India Company
Battle of Plassey, 1757
British began to consolidate control
Effects of British control

18. India in 1805
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19. Society and Culture under the Mughals
Daily life
Position of women
Mix of Hindu, Muslim, and tribal practices
sati
Women in commerce
Hindus efforts to defend themselves
Commercialization of India
Mughal Culture
Islamic combined with Persian and indigenous influences
Architecture
The most visible achievement
The Taj Mahal; Humayun’s mausoleum

20. Royal reception hall at Red Fort in Agra
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21. Humayun’s tomb at Agra
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22. Discussion Questions
What factors contributed to the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire?
Compare and contrast the nature and challenges of imperial government in the Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal Empires.
What role did religion play in Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal government?
What was the impact of the presence of Western powers in India?