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Introduction to Cells The Structure of Cells.

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Cells The Structure of Cells."— Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction to Cells The Structure of Cells

2 3.1 Cyto cyto logy logos + “cell” “study of”

3 1665 Robert Hook’s Micrographia
1674 A. van Leeuwenhoek 1833 R. Brown 1838 M. Schleiden 1839 T. Schwann 1855 Virchow cork cells 1st living nucleus plants animals cells from other cells

4 The Cell Theory Cells are the basic unit of all living things.
Cells perform all the functions of living things. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells.

5 Processes of the Cell (look at chart on page 58)
absorption digestion synthesis respiration movement irritability excretion egestion secretion homeostasis reproduction

6 Cellular Organization
3.2 Cellular Organization unicellular multicellular

7 Cellular Organization
unicellular consists of only one cell examples include bacteria, many protozoans, and some algae & fungi

8 Cellular Organization
multicellular organism made of many cells colonial a group of similar cells living together that could exist separately examples include many algae and fungi

9 Multicellular Levels tissues organs systems groups of similar cells
groups of tissues systems groups of organs Write the full level of organization

10 3.3 Structures of the Cell Currently cell anatomy can be divided into 3 broad categories boundaries cytoplasm nucleus

11 a structure inside the cell that performs a specific function
Organelle a structure inside the cell that performs a specific function

12 Types of Cells prokaryotic lack a true nucleus
have only non-membrane-bound organelles

13 Types of Cells eukaryotic “true nucleus”
have membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound organelles

14 non-membrane- bound organelles
nucleoid region membrane- bound nucleus

15 Cell Boundaries cell membrane outermost boundary surrounds every cell
composed of lipids and proteins lipid bilayer (phospholipids) hydrophilic & hydrophobic ends

16 lipid bilayer

17 Cell Boundaries cell wall primarily composed of cellulose
plants, algae, fungi, many protozoans and bacteria

18 Cell Boundaries capsule or sheath
many unicellular and colonial organisms extra protection

19 all of the material within the cell membrane except the nucleus
Cytoplasm all of the material within the cell membrane except the nucleus

20 Cytoplasmic Organelles (Diagram/Function Quiz pages 62-63)

21 Animal Cell

22 Plant Cell

23 Mitochondria “powerhouse of the cell” center of cellular respiration
cristae folds of the inner membrane contain enzymes for cellular respiration

24 non-membrane-bound organelles functioning as “protein factories”
Ribosomes non-membrane-bound organelles functioning as “protein factories”

25 Endoplasmic Reticulum
often called “ER” folds of membranes running throughout the cytoplasm rough & smooth channel & synthesis

26 Golgi apparatus composed of flat, curved membrane-covered sacs
synthesis & secretion

27 Lysosomes contain enzymes for digestion
destroy old or useless cell structures “garbage disposals”

28 Cytoskeleton the system of fibers within the cell that provides structure for the cell microtubules centrosome microfilaments

29 Flagella and cilia flagellum cilia long, whip-like structure motility
short, hair-like structures

30 Plastids found in the cells of plants and algae but not in animal cells leucoplasts “leuco” = clear storehouse for plant products

31 Plastids found in the cells of plants and algae but not in animal cells leucoplasts chromoplasts “chromo” = color contain pigments

32 Chloroplast important in photosynthesis thylakoids
flattened sacs inside the chloroplast organized into stacks called grana (granum, sing.)

33 Vacuoles membrane-bound sacs for storage vesicle = a small vacuole

34 Vacuole Function food ingestion (a) (c) (b)

35 Vacuole Function food ingestion waste egestion
central maintains turgor pressure in plant cells

36 Vacuole Function contractile removes extra water from unicellular organisms secretion secretes

37 Nucleus ”control center” nuclear envelope chromatin material nucleolus
concentrated RNA ribosome synthesis

38 A secretion vacuole would probably be formed by a
ribosome. Golgi apparatus. mitochondria. lysosome.

39 Secretion involves removing nonsoluble wastes.
removing soluble wastes. moving substances into the cell. releasing substances from the cell.

40 What contains enzymes for digestion?
ribosomes smooth ER Golgi apparatus lysosomes

41 _________ synthesize proteins.
Ribosomes _________ synthesize proteins. Mitochondria Ribosomes Leucoplasts Chromoplasts

42 The breakdown of food to release energy for the cell
respiration synthesis absorption

43 Function in cellular respiration
mitochondria plastids rough ER smooth ER

44 Which structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
cell wall central vacuole chloroplasts choices a and c all the above

45 Cells and Their Environment
Introduction to Cells Cells and Their Environment

46 3.4 Homeostasis a dynamic equilibrium

47 Temperature optimal point optimal range range of tolerance
limit of tolerance

48 TEMPERATURE range of tolerance optimal range optimal point

49 All cells are surrounded by solutions.

50 Environment of Cells isotonic hypotonic hypertonic equal
under or beneath over or beyond

51 Isotonic Solution The concentration of solutes & water in the solution equals the concentration of solutes and water inside the cell. Red blood cells are an example.

52 Isotonic Solution

53 Hypotonic Solution The concentration of solutes is lower in the solution than inside the cell.

54 Hypotonic Solution

55 Hypotonic Solution

56 Cells in Hypotonic Environments
gain water too quickly may have structures to prevent cytolysis cell wall contractile vacuole

57 the bursting of a cell due to internal water pressure
Cytolysis the bursting of a cell due to internal water pressure

58 Hypertonic Solution The ratio of solutes to water is higher in the solution than inside the cell.

59 Hypertonic Solution

60 Hypertonic Solution

61 Cells in Hypertonic Environments
lose water too quickly usually have difficulty dealing with this type of environment

62 the collapse of a cell due to loss of water
Plasmolysis the collapse of a cell due to loss of water

63 transport of substances into cells
3.5 transport of substances into cells

64 The cell membrane is semipermeable, or selectively permeable.

65 Passive Transport movement of molecules with the concentration gradient does not require energy example: osmosis/diffusion

66 Passive Transport factors affecting transport concentration
size and weight shape charge fat-solubility composition of the membrane

67 Passive Transport facilitated diffusion (1) (2) (3) (4)
requires a transport protein (1) (2) (3) (4)

68 Active Transport movement of molecules against the concentration gradient requires energy (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

69 Concentration Gradient? Facilitated Diffusion
Type of Transport Concentration Gradient? Energy Required? Membrane Protein? Passive With No No Facilitated Diffusion With No Yes Active Against Yes Yes

70 Endocytosis transport of bulk substances into cells two types
phagocytosis: solids pinocytosis: fluids

71 Exocytosis vacuoles fuse with the cell membrane to release contents outside the cell accomplishes secretion, excretion, or egestion

72 Osmosis is the diffusion of _____ through a _____________ membrane.
water semipermeable water, permeable water, semipermeable any liquid, permeable any liquid, semipermeable

73 Homeostasis maintaining a steady state
moving substances within the cell forming new cells responding to external factors

74 When a cell is in an isotonic environment, the concentration gradient is high.
true false

75 In osmosis and diffusion, molecules move from a high to a low concentration.
true false

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