1. THE OVARIES AND THE TESTES
Michael Kahn, Emily Miller, Logan McDonagh

2. Location of the Ovaries
The ovaries are located in the lower abdomen
The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive organs where female reproductive cells. They are held in place by a membrane on

3. Hormones released in the Ovaries
During ovulation, the ovaries release a number of different hormones
The ovaries release progesterone and estrogen
Progesterone and estrogen work to regulate menstruation and the development of sex organs.
Estrogen - Regulates the growth of the uterine lining and causes the development of female sex characteristics during puberty. It also plays a key role in the changes of the female body that occur during pregnancy.
Progesterone - One of progesterones main role is in pregnancy. It prepares the body for conception and regulates the menstrual cycle. Progesterone also plays a role in sexual desire.

4. Regulation of the Ovaries
The ovaries are largely regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
The Gonadotropin releasing hormone is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary,
Follicle Stimulating Hormone initiates follicular growth and further secretion of estrogen
LH stimulates further development of the ovarian follicles, causes ovulation, promotes the formation of the corpus luteum; it also stimulates the production of estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

5. Feedback loops of the Ovaries
There are three feedback loops that together control the menstrual cycle.
In the first, FSH and LH are secreted to start the development of the follicle; the two of them work together to start the secretion of estrogen. The estrogen produced has a negative feedback on the FSH production, which stops its secretion.
The second involves this estrogen produced; it causes a positive feedback to occur to the LH producing cells in the pituitary, increasing LH secretion.
The third is another negative feedback loop. Following ovulation, the corpus luteum is formed from the follicle cell. This corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone, which work together and send negative feedback to inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH.

6. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common disease of the ovaries
It is caused by hormonal imbalance
PCOS results in enlarged ovaries and the development of small cysts
It can interrupt the menstrual cycle and prevent pregnancy
It can also cause acne, weight gain, hair thinning, and depression

7. Overview of Testes
Twin oval-shaped organs within the scrotum, the pouch of skin located underneath the penis. The scrotum allows the testes to be held at a slightly lower temperature than the rest of the body.
The testes secrete testosterone, which is an androgen (a male sex hormone).

8. Function of Testosterone During Adolescence
Testosterone is involved in the following processes of puberty:
Healthy development of male sex organs
The growth of facial hair and body hair
Lowering of the voice
Increase in height and muscle mass
Growth of the Adam’s Apple

9. Function of Testosterone During Adulthood
In men, testosterone regulates sex drive, bone mass,muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm.

10. Regulation By Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
The hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland so that it releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH stimulates testosterone production, while FSH causes the testes to grow and quickens the production of an androgen-binding protein by Sertoli cells. FSH and LH are both necessary for the maturation of spermatozoa.

11. Feedback Loop of Testosterone
The regulation of Testosterone occurs in a negative feedback loop. When testosterone levels are low, the hypothalamus releases GnRh, which stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH. These hormones cause the Leydig cells to increase testosterone production. Increasing levels of testosterone are picked up by the hypothalamus, which ceases to secrete GnRh, thus testosterone production will decrease.

12. Epididymitis
Epididymitis is the most common affliction of the testes. It is an inflammation of the coiled tube located behind the testes which stores and carries sperm (the epididymis). Symptoms include pain, burning sensation during urination, swelling, and frequent urination. The cause is often bacterial infections or STDs.

13. Wroks Cited https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/ovary
matters/understanding-how-testosterone-affects-men
Regulation.html
pcos-topic-overview#1