1. Anatomy of Female Reproductive System
Lecture 1, NUR 324

2. Learning Objectives Define the terms listed.
Identify the female external and internal reproductive organs.
Explain the structure of the bony pelvis.
Explain the functions and structures of pelvic floor.

3. Introduction
Reproductive systems of males and females are similar for the first 6 weeks.
Differentiation of the external genitalia is complete at about 12 weeks.
Both ovaries and testes secrete their primary hormones.
Sex glands are inactive during infancy and childhood.
The hypothalamus stimulates gonads to produce hormones at sexual maturity.
Reproductive organs become functional at puberty.

4. function of the female reproductive system
The main function of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs (ova) to be fertilised, and to provide the space and conditions to allow a baby to develop

5. Component Parts Internal female reproductive organs
External female reproductive organs

6. External female reproductive organs
Collectively, the external female reproductive organs are called the Vulva.
Which means covering
Function: protect the urethral and vaginal openings

7. External Female Structures (Vulva)
Mons Pubis.
Labia Majora
Labia Minora.
Clitoris.
Vestibule.
Perineum

8. 1.Mons Pubis Is rounded, soft fullness of subcutaneous
fatty tissue, prominence over the symphysis pubis.
It is covered with varying amounts of pubic hair after puberty.
Funtion: it protects sympyhsis pubis during sexual intercourse

9. 2. Labia Majora
The labia Majora are two rounded, fleshy folds of tissue that contained sweat and sbecuos glands , they are coverd with hair
Function: It is protect the labia minora, urinary meatus and vaginal introitus.

11. 3. Labia Minora
It is located between the labia majora, are delicate hairless inner folds
The inner surfaces are similar to vaginal mucosa.
They are highly vasculer and sensitve

12. 4. Clitoris. Erectile organ.
It’s rich vascular, highly sensitive to temperature, touch, and pressure sensation
Function: Sexual stimulation

13. 5. Vestibule.
It is oval-shaped area formed between the labia minora, clitoris, and fourchette.
Vestibule contains the external urethral meatus, vaginal introitus, and Bartholins glands and skene gland that secret mucus.

14. The vaginal opening is surrounded by hymen, the hymen is a tough, elastic, perforated mucosa across the vaginal introitus.

15. 6. Perineum
Is the most posterior part of the external female reproductive organs.
It is located between vulva and anus.
is composed of fibrous and muscular tissues that support pelvic structures.
Episiotomy: incision of the perineum area

16. Internal Female Reproductive Organs
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries

17. 1. Vagina
It is an elastic fibro-muscular tube and membranous tissue about 8 to 10 cm long.
The vagina connects the uterus above with the external genitals.

18. Cont.. Vagina
The vaginal lining has multiple folds, or rugae and muscle layer. These folds allow the vagina to stretch considerably during childbirth.
The reaction of the vagina is acidic, the pH is 4.5 that protects the vagina against infection.

19. Anatomical relation of the vagina
Anterior Urethra and bladder
Posterior Perineal body &rectum
Lateral Pelvic floor muscles
Superior The cervix.
Inferior The vulva

20. Functions of the vagina
To allow discharge of the menstrual flow.
As the female organs of coitus.
To allow passage of the fetus from the uterus.

21. 2. Uterus
The uterus is a hollow, pear shaped muscular organ at the top of vagina.
The uterus measures about 7.5 long X 5 wide X 2.5 thick cm and weight about 50 – 60 gm.
It lies behind the bladder and in front of the rectum and is anchored in position by eight ligaments and is not attached by skeleton.

22. The uterus divided into three parts:
1. Body of the uterus
The upper part is the corpus, or body of the uterus
The fundus is the part of the body above the area where the fallopian tubes enter the uterus.
Length about 5 cm.

23. The uterus divided into three parts:
2. Isthmus
A narrower transition zone.
Is between the corpus of the uterus and cervix.

24. The uterus divided into three parts:
3. Cervix
The lowermost position of the uterus “neck”.
The length of the cervix is about 2.5 t0 3 cm.
The os, is the opening in the cervix that runs between the uterus and vagina.
The upper part of the cervix is marked by internal os and the lower cervix is marked by the external os.

25. Layers of the uterus
Endometrium.
Myometrium.
Perimetrium

26. 1. Endometrium
Is mucosal inner layer of the uterus. It varies thickness 0.5 to 5mm
It is responsive to the cyclic variations of estrogen and progesterone during the female reproductive cycle every month.
The three layers of the endometrial are:
*Compact layer
*The basal layer
*The functional or Sponge layer this layer is shed during each menstrual period and after child birth.

28. 2. Myometrium 3. Perimetrium Is the middle layer of thick muscle.
The myometrium contains three types of smooth muscle fiber
3. Perimetrium
Is the outer peritoneal layer of serous membrane that covers most of the uterus.
Laterally, the perimetrium is continuous with the broad ligaments on either side of the uterus.

29. Anatomical relation of the uterus
Anterior Bladder
Posterior The rectum
Lateral F. T& ovaries
Superior The intestines.
Inferior The Vagina

31. The Functions of the uterus
Menstruation.
Pregnancy.
Labor and birth.

33. 3. Fallopian tubes
The two tubes extended from the uterus to the ovary.
It runs in the upper free border of the broad ligament.
Length average is 10 cm
Its divided into 4 parts.
The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to the ovaries feather into ends called fimbria. Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes

34. Segments of the fallopian tube
Fimbria segment - faces the ovary
Infundibulum segment - funnel shaped segment behind the fimbria
Ampulla segment - wide middle segment Fertilization occurs in the ampulla.
Isthmus segment - narrow muscular segment near the uterus

36. Functions of fallopian tube
Transport of fertilized and unfertilized ovum to the uterus.
2. Fluid environment for early embryonic development

37. 4. Ovaries
Oval solid structure, 1cm in thickness, 2 cm in width and 4 cm in length. Each weights about 4–5 gm.
Ovary is located on each side of the uterus, below and behind the uterine tubes

38. Structure of the ovaries
Cortex
Medulla

39. Ovaries and Relationship to Uterine Tube and Uterus
Figure 28–14

40. Function of the ovary Secrete estrogen & progesterone.
Production of ova

41. Bony pelvis

42. Support structures
The bony pelvis support and protects the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs.
Muscle, Joints and ligaments provide added support for internal organs of the pelvis against the downward force of gravity and the increases in intra-abdominal pressure

43. Female Reproductive Support Structures: Muscles
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

44. Bony Pelvis 2. Sacrum. 3. Coccyx. Bony Pelvis Is Composed of 4 bones:
1. Two hip bones.
2. Sacrum.
3. Coccyx.

45. 1. Two hip bones. *Ischium *Pubis
Each or hip bone is composed of three bones:
*Ilium
*Ischium
*Pubis

46. 2. Sacrum Is a wedge shaped bone consisting of five vertebrae.
The anterior surface of the sacrum is concave
The upper border of the first sacral vertebra known as the sacral promontory

47. 3. Coccyx.
Consists of four vertebrae forming a small triangular bone.

48. Pelvic Joints There are four pelvic joints: * One Symphysis pubis
* Two sacro-iliac joints
* One sacro-coccygeal
joint

49. PELVIC SHAPE 1-GYNECOID Typical female pelvis found in 50% of women
Rounded—slightly oval inlet
Straight pelvic sidewalls
Good sacral curve
Pubic arch is wide

50. PELVIC SHAPE
2-ANDROID
Typical male pelvis found in 1/3 white women 1/6 non-white
Pelvic brim is heart shaped
Pelvis funnels from above downwards
Narrow pubic arch

51. PELVIC SHAPE 3-ANTHROPOID 25% white women & 50% nonwhite
Pelvic brim APD > TD
Long & narrow pelvic canal with long sacrum
Straight pelvic sidewalls
4-PLATYPELLOID
3% of women
Pelvic brim TD >>>APD  kidney shape
Sacral promontory pushed forwards

52. Female Reproductive Support Structures: Bony Pelvis
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1994, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

53. Pelvic Shape

54. Differentiation between female and male pelvic

55. Frolich, Human Anatomy, Pelvis I
Female Male
Cavity is broad, shallow
Pelvic inlet oval + outlet round
Bones are lighter, thinner
Pubic angle larger
Coccyx more flexible, straighter
Ischial tuberosities shorter, more everted
Cavity is narrow, deep
Smaller inlet + outlet
Bones heavier, thicker
Pubic angle more acute
Coccyx less flexible, more curved
Ischial tuberosities longer, face more medially
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Pelvis I

56. Blood Supply
The uterine blood supply is carried by the uterine arteries, which are branches of the internal iliac artery.