1. REINFORCEMENT AND FEEDBACK
Matt Vaartstra
University of Idaho
Edited from Damon Burton

2. REINFORCEMENT TERMINOLOGY
What is reinforcement?
What is punishment?
What is extinction?
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
What is the difference between punishment and response-cost punishment?

3. 5 BASIC RESPONSE CONSEQUENCES
Present
Remove
Extinction
(weakens behavior)
Response Cost Punishment
Positive
Stimuli
Positive Reinforcement
(strengthens behavior)
Negative Reinforcement
(strengthens behavior)
Aversive
Stimuli
Punishment
(suppresses/weakens behavior)

4. WHAT IS REINFORCEMENT?
Reinforcement – is anything that increases likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future under the same conditions. It may enhance both the quantity and/or quality of a behavior.
For example, telling an athlete “good job” when she masters a new skill.
For example, increasing an athlete’s playing time for their hard work in practice.

5. TYPES OF SPORT REINFORCEMENT
What is the most frequently used reinforcer in sport?
verbal praise
What is the most powerful reinforcer in sport?
playing time

6. WHAT IS PUNISHMENT?
Punishment – is the presentation of an aversive stimuli in order to decrease the quantity and/or quality of a behavior.
For example:
Criticizing an athlete who is not paying attention.
Suspending an athlete from the team for 4 games for breaking team rules.

7. TYPES OF SPORT PUNISHMENT
What is the most frequently used punishment in sport?
stern rebuke
What is the most powerful punishment in sport?
lack of playing time, suspension or dismissal from team

8. EXTINCTION
Extinction – removal of a positive stimulus that has in the past followed certain behavioral results.
For example, when an athlete no longer get attention for being the “team clown,” his showoff behavior will normally decrease.

9. POSITIVE VERSUS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
Positive reinforcement – present or add positive stimuli in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior, (i.e., quantity, quality, or both) will occur under the same conditions.
Example?
Negative reinforcement – remove or take away an aversive stimuli in order to strengthen a behavior that results in successful avoidance. It could change both the quantity and quality of a behavior.

10. TWO FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
Punishment entails presentation of aversive stimuli with the effect of suppressing the behavior.
Example?
Response Cost Punishment – contingently taking away something valued by the athlete.

11. NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT
Punishment promotes fear and can prompt athletes to become motivated by “fear of failure.”
Develops an unpleasant team climate that reduces enjoyment
Reduces coach’s ability to be a good “role model”
Inhibits ability to develop good coach-athlete relationships

12. WHY AVERSIVE CONTROL COACHES SUCCEED
They communicate caring for players as people so “abuse is not taken personally.”
They recruit talented athletes.
They recruit “thick-skinned” athletes who are less bothered by abuse.
They are skilled teachers and tacticians who can overcome the abuse.

13. POSITIVE CONTROL COACHES
Like John Wooden, they view mistakes as the “stepping stones to achievement.”
Emphasis is on improving skills rather than “not screwing up.”
Most top coaches and teachers use a very high percentage of positive reinforcement (i.e., 80-90%) and a minimal amount of punishment.

14. WHY POSITIVE CONTROL COACHES SUCCEED
Foster a positive learning environment in which mistakes are viewed as a valuable part of learning.
Promote positive coach-athlete relationships.
Athletes like coaches more.
Athletes enjoy sport experience more.
Create high team cohesion.
Athletes perform better.

15. HOW REINFORCEMENT ENHANCES BEHAVIOR
Find a reinforcer that works for each athlete
Make reinforcement dependent on performing the desired behavior
Make sure the athlete specifically understands why the reinforcement is being given

16. WHAT IS “SHAPING?”
“Shaping” – is the process of using reinforcement to gradually enhance performance using operant conditioning principles.
Operant conditioning – the process of allowing an animal to operate in its environment until it performs correctly and then reinforce them for it to motivate them to repeat the desired behavior

17. “SHAPING” -- HUMAN OPERANT CONDITIONING
Shaping – breaks down a complex skill into a series of manageable parts or goals and systematically uses reinforcement to gradually improve performance.
Each time the first goal is attained, the individual is reward
immediate reinforcement
reinforced every time

18. “SHAPING” -- HUMAN OPERANT CONDITIONING
Shaping is “catching athletes doing something well or at least better.”
Gradually reinforcement is modified to enhance retention
delayed reinforcement
reinforce every 3, 5, 7, & 9 times
Once Goal 1 is mastered, then shaping moves on to Step 2 and the process repeats

19. REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
Continuous schedules – reinforce immediately and every time and they enhance immediate motivation.
Intermittent schedules – reinforcement is delayed and occurs on a schedule such as every 3rd, 5th, 7th, or 9th time in order to enhance long-term motivation and retention.

20. WHAT TO REINFORCE Effort Learning new material Skill improvement
Mental preparation
Strategy selection and use
Reaching goals

21. SHAPING PROCESS B 4 3
Shaping – start with Step 1 and work on it until behavior is consistent and then move to Step 2, then Step 3 and finally Step 4 2 1 A

22. FOOTBALL SHAPING EXAMPLE
Komaki & Barnett (1977) identified 3 offensive plays that were each broken down into 5 stages judged crucial for overall play execution.
For one play, the 5 stages included:
Quarterback-center exchange
Quarterback-right halfback fake
Fullback blocking the end
Quarterback decision to pitch or keep
Quarterback action

23. BEHAVIORAL COACHING PROCEDURES
Execute the play and “freeze” on the whistle.
Coach judges correct execution and says “freeze” if incorrect.
Coach describes the incorrect behavior.
Coach models the correct behavior.
Athletes imitate correct behavior and feel what good position should be.

24. FOOTBALL SHAPING EXAMPLE
Each time the play was run, the coach checked off which stages of the play were executed successfully.
Reinforcement was given to players for the stages run successfully.
Performance increased significantly for each of the 3 plays following shaping (~20%).
Systematic reinforcement can be a great performance enhancement strategy.

25. REINFORCEMENT AND INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Self-Determination Theory – confirms that reinforcement doesn’t have to reduce intrinsic motivation as long as it is given to:
Recognize increased competence
Enhance greater levels of self-determination
Contingent rewards promote IM

26. MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE
Shaping creates a mastery-oriented motivational climate that fosters IM, learning, and improvement.
Outcome-based rewards promote an ego-oriented motivation climate that prompts overemphasis on winning, fear of failure, underdevelopment, and underachievement

27. PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK
75% of John Wooden’s feedback to his team was instructional in nature.
Feedback motivates directly.
Feedback can also
focus attention
enhance effort
promote persistence
stimulate use of new task strategies

28. BEHAVIORAL COACHING
Teach skills in a way that allows for greater opportunities to use reinforcement.
Emphasis is on systematically making closer and closer approximations of correct technique and form.
Understand correct form and focus on what it feels like.