1. Syntax

2. Syntax
Definition:
a set of rules that govern how morphemes and words are combined to form longer strings of meaning

3. Ways of Indicating Morpheme Function
Morphology
1) inflections--Magna aranea perterruit puellam.
Syntax
2) function words--The girl was frightened by a big spider.
3) word order-- The big spider frightened the girl.

4. What are the rules in a language for using these building blocks?
Morphemes combine into
Words combine into
Phrases combine into
Clauses combine into
Sentences
What are the rules in a language for using these building blocks?
Morphology addressed morphemes and words, so we will focus on phrases, clauses and sentences here.

5. Phrases Three examples of types of phrases;
1. Noun phrases = a noun and its modifiers
2. Verb phrases = a verb and its modifiers
3. Prepositional phrases = a preposition, it’s object and modifiers

6. Noun Phrases Act as a subject in a sentence
The cute little boy threw John the ball.
boy + the cute little
Act as a direct object in a sentence
ball + the
Act as an indirect object in a sentence
John

7. Verb Phrases Is made up of the verb and its modifiers.
Joan walked quickly and quietly.
walked + quickly and quietly

8. Clauses
Definition:
a group of two or more words which include its own subject and predicate

9. Types of Clauses Independent clauses are simple sentences
Eg. Sarah patted the dog.
Sarah (subject) + patted (verb) + dog (object)
Dependent Clauses cannot stand alone
Eg. When Sarah patted the dog, . . .

10. Agreement Rules Units within a sentence must match each other
E.g. In English, singular subject nouns require singular person verbs and plural subject nouns require plural person verbs.
E.g. In Spanish, adjectives and articles must match the singular or plural nature of the noun they modify
They must also agree with the gender of the noun

11. There are over 200 definitions of the term “sentence.”
Sentences
There are over 200 definitions of the term “sentence.”
Two of the most commonly used apply to written sentences :
Has a subject (noun/noun phrase) and a predicate (something that is said about the subject)
By punctuation: begins with a capital letter, ends with a full stop (.?!)
Spoken language makes it more difficult to define “sentence”.

12. Short-Hand Symbols Syntactic Categories
Subject = S, Verb = V, Object = O
NP = Noun Phrase, VP = Verb Phrase,
PP = Prepositional Phrase, etc.
S+V
S+V+O
NP+VP+PP
Etc.

13. Displaying Sentence Structure
Line Analysis
Bracket Analysis
Chinese Box Diagramming
Diagramming
Tree Diagram Analysis
Phrase Marker Structure

14. Line Analysis

15. Bracket Analysis

16. Chinese Box Diagram

17. Compound Sentence

18. Diagramming

19. Tree Diagram Analysis

20. Phrase Marker Analysis (P-marker)

21. Powerpoint Study Guide
Syntax Modifiers
Morphemes Independent clause
Words Dependent clause
Phrases Agreement rules
Clauses Sentences
Noun phrase Syntactic categories
Verb phrase Line Analysis
Prepositional phrase Bracket Analysis
Subject Chinese Box Diagramming
Predicate Diagramming
Direct object Tree Diagram Analysis
Indirect object Phrase Marker Structure