1. Parts of Speech

2. Nouns

3. Noun A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea
Nouns can be concrete (something you can see or touch) or abstract (something you cannot see or touch)
Nouns can be common (like book, chair, or student) or proper (like Ralph, California, or Saint Mary’s).

4. Practice! List the following examples in your journal:
2 concrete nouns
2 abstract nouns
2 proper nouns

5. Pronouns

6. Pronouns A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun
Writers use pronouns instead of repeating the same noun in a sentence
The antecedent is the noun to which the pronoun refers
Ex: Billy bought himself new pants.
Pronoun = himself
Antecedent = Billy

7. Personal Pronouns
I, me
you,
he, him, she, her, it
we, us
they, them

8. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns
Personal pronouns combined with –self, -selves may be used in two ways:
Reflexively
Miranda explained herself.
Intensively (for emphasis)
Miranda herself made the explanation.

9. Interrogative Pronouns
These pronouns are used in questions:
who
whom
which
whose
what

10. Demonstrative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to point out persons or things:
this
these
that
those

11. Indefinite Pronouns Most commonly used:
All, another, any, anybody, anyone
Both, each, either, everybody, everyone
Few, many, most, neither
Nobody, none, no one, one, other, several
Some, somebody, someone, such
Indefinite pronouns do not usually refer to a specific antecedent but they do express quantity or amount

12. Practice!
In your journal, rewrite this sentence using as many pronouns as possible:
Brian went to the store to buy Brian new pants because there are a lot of pants that Brian likes at the store.

13. Verbs

14. Action Verbs Action verbs do just that – they express action
Examples: take, speak, run, drive, think, trust, remember
Action verbs can have direct or indirect objects (see your notes from last Friday!)

15. Linking Verbs
If a verb does not express action, but instead describes a state or condition, it is a linking verb.
The following are always linking verbs: am, is, are, was, were
Lynda Sagor is my doctor.
The flowers smell exotic.
Our cat was a nuisance.

16. Verb Phrases (with Helping Verbs)
A verb phrase consists of the main verb and its helping verbs.
Examples:
You should have offered sooner.
Would Alfred like some help?
I did not get home until a few minutes ago.

17. Practice! In your journal, do the following:
Brainstorm a list of at least ten action verbs
Write one sentence with a linking verb and underline (and label) the complete subject and complete predicate
Write one sentence with a verb phrase and a pronoun

18. Adjectives

19. Adjective
An adjective modifies (or tells more about) a noun or pronoun
Adjectives answer the following questions:
Which one?
What kind?
How many/how much?

20. Adjective Examples
What kind?: green apples, small car, capable student
Which one?: this woman, that play
How many?: some birds, two squirrels

21. Practice!
Write a sentence with at least five adjectives on your Parts of Speech packet.

22. Adverbs

23. Adverb
An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs tell us:
Where
When
How
To What Extent

24. Adverbs Modifying Verbs
She reads quickly. (how she reads)
She reads early and late. (when she reads)
She reads everywhere. (where she reads)
She reads thoroughly. (to what extent she reads)

25. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives and Other Adverbs
She is a really intense competitor.
(really modifies the adjective intense, telling to to what extent she is competitive)
She skated very well.
( very modifies the adverb well, telling how she skated)
NOTE: not is always an adverb; it tells to what extent

26. Practice In your journal, do the following:
Write one sentence with an adverb modifying a verb.
Write one sentence with an adverb modifying an adjective.

27. Conjunctions

28. Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins words or groups of words.
Three kinds of conjunctions:
Coordinating
Correlative
Subordinating

29. Coordinating Conjunctions(FANBOYS)
For
And
Nor
But Or
Yet So

30. Correlative Conjunctions
Always used in pairs
either…or
neither…nor
both…and
not only…but (also)
whether…or

31. Subordinating Conjunctions…
…are used to begin subordinate or dependent clauses
This computer is even better than we had anticipated.
The sun had already set when we reached Grand Canyon National Park.
…do not always come between the sentence part that it joins – they may come at the beginning of the sentence
If the price is right, I will buy your bicycle.
Since you can’t help me, I will do it myself.

32. Subordinating Conjunctions
after
although as
as much as
because
before
how if
in order that
provided
since
than
that
though
unless
until
when
where
while

33. Practice!
Write one sentence where you join two independent clauses with a FANBOY (or coordinating conjunction).
Write one complete sentence using a subordinating conjunction at the beginning.
Write one complete sentence using a subordinating conjunction in the middle of the sentence.
Do this practice in your Parts of Speech packet.

34. Prepositions

35. Prepositions
A preposition is a word that shows where or when something is in relation to something else
Examples:
We flew over the city.
We flew toward the city.
We flew beyond the city.
We flew across the city.

36. Prepositional Phrases and Objects
A preposition always introduces a phrase (remember: a preposition never appears alone)
The noun or pronoun that ends a prepositional phrase is the object of the preposition.
Ex: We flew over the city.
Over = preposition
Over the city = prepositional phrase
City = object

37. Compound Prepositions
According to
Because of
By means of
In addition to
In front of
In spite of
Instead of
On account of
Prior to

38. Practice!
In your journal, complete the practice sentences provided by circling the prepositions boxing the prepositional phrases, and underlining the objects of the prepositions.

39. Interjections

40. Interjection
Interjections express emotion and are separated from the rest of the sentence with a ? or ! or ,
Examples:
Wow! Huh? Ouch!
um, well,

41. Practice!
On your Parts of Speech Packet, complete the practice exercises provided.