1. Chapter 9 Lesson 1 The First President

2. Essential Question: Learning Goal:
What are the characteristics of a leader?
Learning Goal:
Students will be able to identify and analyze the development of the American political system during the Federalist Era, evaluate decisions made by the new government, and draw conclusions about the economy developed under Alexander Hamilton.

4. Washington Takes Office video
Took oath of office on April 30th, 1789
Made promise to not act as a king but as a fair leader
Said that precedents would shape the future of the U.S.
Due to controversy over Washington being called “His Highness the President of the United States”, it was decided that he would be called Mr. President
The VP was John Adams

5. Bio: Washington’s Life
Born in 1732 to a Virginia
planter family.
He became a lieutenant colonel in 1754
He liked military arts and western expansion
He was in the first battles of what became
the French and Indian War.
In 1755 he was an aide to General Edward Braddock
From 1759 to the Revolutionary War he managed
his lands at mount Vernon.
He was also in the House of Burgesses.

6. The Cabinet video Created by the first Congress Set up 3 departments.
Treasury- financial matters, War- nation’s defense, State- deals with state matters
Attorney General (Edmund Randolph).
Handled governments legal affairs and the office of Postmaster General to direct the postal service.
the Secretary of Treasury (Alexander Hamilton), Secretary of War (Henry Knox), Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson),
Alexander Hamilton
Henry Knox
Thomas Jefferson

7. Judiciary Act video Leading up to the Judiciary Act
Debates started to arise between those who wanted federal courts or state courts
The Act
The Judiciary Act of 1789 was created as a compromise between the two groups.
With this act, Congress created a federal court system, containing 13 district courts and three circuit courts. It allowed state laws to remain but said that the federal courts had the rights to reverse state laws.
The Judiciary Act of 1789

8. Judiciary Act (cont.) Following the Judiciary Act
With this Act, the Supreme Court would be the final authority on many issues.
John Jay was voted as the Supreme Court chief justice.
Also with this act, Congress had taken the first steps for creating a strong and independent judiciary system for the entire nation.

9. Bill of Rights Leading up to the Bill of Rights The Constitution
Some states supported the Constitution on the condition that a bill of rights was added in order to have guarantees of their person liberties.
James Madison first introduced a Bill of Rights in the first session of Congress.
The Constitution
-The states ratified 10 of the 12 amendments passed by Congress.
- The 10 Amendments were added to the Constitution on December 1791, finally known as the Bill of Rights

10. The 10 Amendments The first ten amendments:
1st amendment: freedom of speech, the press, and religion; also
the right to assemble peaceably or petition
2nd amendment: the right to bear arms
3rd amendment: no soldier, without the consent of the owner can
take resident in someone else’s house
4th amendment: people are secure in their persons, houses, and papers
from unreasonable search and seizures (w/o a warrant)
5th amendment: the right of a person to be innocent until proven guilty,
and may not be deprived of life, liberty or property w/o due
process of law
6th amendment: right to a speedy, fair trial
7th amendment: when the value in controversy exceeds $20, the right of
trial by jury is reserved
8th amendment: no cruel or unusual punishments are permitted
9th amendment: powers reserved to people
10th amendment: powers reserved to the states

11. Financial Problems
After the war, the country was in a large amount of national debt and was suffering from a huge depression.
Many people were angry about money lost during the war, and other countries were unhappy that the newly formed United States still owed for help and supplies provided by them during the war against Britain.
To make matters worse, debt was growing.
Government economic policies were handled by the Sec. of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, who proposed a plan to pay back the people and countries

12. Hamilton’s Plan
The US needed a way to borrow money for its government and economy
Hamilton proposed the federal government take over and pay off the wartime debts of the states.
Paying the debt off together would build national credit and make it easier to borrow money.
Hamilton believed the states would have more interest in national success this way. video

13. Opposition to the Plan
Hamilton’s plan made it difficult for many American citizens.
Bonds issued during the American Revolution had been sold to spectators for less than their value
The original bond owners felt betrayed by government because they had lost money.
At the same time, the new bond owners profited.
The south accumulated much less debt than the north.
The southern states complained that they would have to pay more than their share under the Hamilton's plan.

14. Bio: Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton was born January 11, 1755
Was an American Politician, statesman, writer, lawyer, and soldier.
He was the author of the Federalist Papers
Supported a strong central government
Attended King’s College (now Columbia University)
Strongly advocated for the abolition of slavery
Hamilton is on the $10 bill

15. Compromise Results in a Capital
Hamilton had to compromise to win support for his plan.
Hamilton and the Southern leaders agreed to locate the new nation’s capital in the South after moving to Philadelphia while the workmen prepared the new city for the federal government
The plan was that a special district would be laid out between Virginia and Maryland and along the Potomac River.
This district became known as Washington D.C.
In return for the capital, the Southerners supported Hamilton’s Plan to pay off the state debts.

16. The Fight for a National Bank
In 1792, only 8 banks were in the entire nation, and all had been established by state governments
James Madison and Thomas Jefferson opposed the idea of a national bank: they thought it would only benefit wealthy people.
A bank was also said to be unconstitutional.
In the end, Alexander Hamilton signed a bill creating a national bank.

17. Tariffs and Taxes
Hamilton proposed a tariff, or a tax on imports to encourage Americans to buy products.
This tariff would protect American industry from foreign competition.
The south opposed the protective tariffs, having little industry to protect.
Hamilton, however did win support from the congress.
By 1790 the revenue from tariffs provided 90% of the national government ‘s income.
Hamilton’s economic program gave the national government new financial powers.

18. Exit Card
Why might the southern states oppose Hamilton’s plan? How might this have affected the relationship between the states?

19. Timeline April 6, 1789 – George Washington becomes first president
April 30, Washington takes oath of office
Summer of Congress sets up three executive branch departments of government
September Judiciary Act of 1789 sets up court systems
December amendments are added to the Constitution and are known as the Bill of Rights
1792- there are only eight banks in the nation

20. Test Questions
Why did people oppose to the President being addressed as “his highness the president of the United States?
2. What did the compromise in the Judiciary Act of 1789 do?
3. Who was to be the final authority on many issues?
4. Who introduced the amendments that became the Bill of Rights?
5. Who did the Congress owe money to?

21. Test Questions 6. What are bonds? 7. What are speculators?
8. Why did the Southern states oppose Hamilton’s plan
9. What was the name of the area between VA and Maryland along the banks of the Potomac River called?
10. In 1972, how many banks where in the nation?
11. By the 1790’s, what percent of the countries revenue was from tariffs?