1. Chapter 1: New World Beginnings
Notes

2. I. The first Americans How did the Native Americans get here?
Supercontinent
Land bridge
By 1492 millions of Native Americans

4. II. Native Civilizations
What was Native American society like before European contact?
Few large community groups
Most were spread out
Aztecs & Incas
Revolution in Farming
Farming communities larger than hunting
Maize
Pueblo Indians
Three Sister Farming

5. Three Sister Farming

6. Corn Culture
This statue of a corn goddess made between 200 and 600 B.C.E. vividly illustrates the centrality of corn to native American peoples, a thousand years before the rise of the great Incan and Aztec empires that the Europeans later encountered.

7. III. Growth of Exploration
European crusaders
Asia
Spices, silk and other exotic goods
Africa
Gold & slaves
Difficult trade routes

8. III. Growth of Exploration
What spurred the Age of Exploration?
Spunky Turtles Really Prefer Rockets
Spices
Technology
Renaissance (Age of Curiosity)
Power and Fame
Religion

9. New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
Hartman Astrolabe (1532) – Uses the stars to tell time
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant – helps determine location

10. New Weapons Technology

11. IV. Spanish Conquests Christopher Columbus Water route to the Indies
Hero or villain?
Water route to the Indies
Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile
Landed in the Bahamas (1492)
Spanish vast empire
Conquistadors
Win souls and find gold
Encomienda
Ferdinand Magellan
1st circumnavigation of the globe
AND

12. Encomienda

13. Christofo Colon [ ]

14. Columbus’ Four Voyages

15. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

16. V. Columbian Exchange Global society
Exchange of plants, animals & diseases
Years of isolation = weak immunity for Natives
Columbian Exchange explains…
Why Indians died out
Why Europe prospered
Why African slaves were brought to America
Crops from the Americans contributed to European population growth
The potato in Ireland!
Should we blame the Europeans for the rapid spread of disease?

17. Columbian Exchange Trivia
Potatoes in all of Ireland in 1491: zero Tomatoes in all of Italy in 1491: zero Peppers in all of Spain in 1491: zero Strawberries in all of England in 1491: zero Cocoa beans in all of Switzerland in 1491: zero Ears of corn in all of Europe in 1491: zero
Horses on the Great Plains of North America in 1491: zero Coffee plants in South America in 1491: zero Cane sugar plants in the Caribbean in 1491: zero Fields of bluegrass in Kentucky: zero Wheat stalks in all of the Americas in 1491: zero
Major diseases transmitted from the Old World to the New World after 1492: smallpox, influenza, typhoid fever, cholera, scarlet fever, yellow fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis, bubonic plague
Major diseases transmitted from the New World to the Old World after 1492: syphilis
European cities more populous than the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1515: none
Rank of the Inca among largest empires in the world in 1492: 1

18. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

19. The Scourge of Smallpox
This Peruvian infant, depicted about 1700, was ravaged by the dread European disease and placed in a crude quarantine.

20. VI. Conquest of Mexico Hernán Cortes Aztec capital: Tenochtitlan
Montezuma
Spanish “lusted for gold like pigs”
Cortes takes control
Smallpox
Beyond Mexico
Settlement at St. Augustine

21. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

22. Artists’ Rendering of Tenochtitlán
Amid tribal strife in the fourteenth century, the Aztecs built a capital on a small island in a lake in the central Valley of Mexico. From here they oversaw the most powerful empire yet to arise in Mesoamerica. Two main temples stood at the city’s sacred center, one dedicated to Tlaloc, the ancient rain god, and the other to Huitzilopochtli, the tribal god, who was believed to require human hearts for sustenance.

23. Tenochtitlán

24. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

25. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
(Spanish born Spaniard)
Creoles (Colonial born Spainard)
Mestizos (Spanish and Indian)
Mulattos (Spanish and black)
Native Indians
Black Slaves

26. VII. Black Legend Black Legend: Spanish accomplishments
Conquer, tortured, stole and infected with diseases
A way to undermine Spanish achievement and religion
Spanish accomplishments

27. Treasures from the Americas!

28. New Colonial Rivals