1. Advanced Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles

2. Historic Powertrains

3. Historic Powertrains

4. Historic Powertrains

5. Historic Powertrains

6. Current Powertrains

7. Current Powertrains Diesel Engines Natural Gas Engines Propane Engines
Gasoline Engines

8. Future Powertrains are right around the corner!
VVG has benefited from CARB regulations that promote the newest emission technologies
We have a large concentration of NG vehicles in our AOR
We developed the expertise to sell and service the NG fleets
VVG will again be in the forefront of “future” powertrains because they are just around the corner in California

9. Future Powertrains Diesel engines running Renewable Diesel Fuel
Natural Gas engines running Renewable Natural Gas
Alternative Fuel Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)
Battery Electric Vehicles
Hybrid Vehicles
Plug in Hybrid Vehicles
Hydrogen Fuel Cells

10. Diesel Engines – Renewable Diesel Fuel
Emission levels will continue to advance
Largest near current change will be to Renewable Diesel Fuel
Most likely to see interest from Municipal users
Renewable Diesel is a Bio Diesel made through a different chemical process than current Bio Diesel
Renewable Diesel lowers the engine emission levels of CO and PM
Current Renewable Diesel is made from Soybean oil in the US
Future Renewable Diesel Fuels may be Biomass to Liquid (BTL) using grasses or other plants to create fuel

11. Natural Gas – Near Zero
Near Zero refers to NOX output at 90% lower than EPA 2010 specs
Cummins ISL G NZ is a Near Zero engine now
In 2018, the ISL G NZ becomes the L9N due to a name change
No substantial hardware changes
Familiar product recognized in the marketplace
Cummins sells this as the least expensive path to get to Near Zero
Infrastructure for fueling is in place
Longest operating mile range of the NZ choices

12. Natural Gas Near Zero – Renewable Natural Gas
Cummins NZ engines now can run on Renewable Natural Gas
Renewable Natural Gas is made from food or waste sources – landfills or organic waste
Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) scores look at the entire emission cycle from “well to wheel”
NZ engines running on RNG produces “well to wheel” GHG reductions similar to battery electric propulsion

13. Other alternative fuels for ICEs
Propane!
Propane qualifies for an alternative fuel in some areas. You can buy and S2G from Freightliner with a propane system installed

14. Battery Electric Vehicles - BEV
No Internal Combustion Engine
Batteries and Electric motor drive
Fuso E Canter is producing 50 vehicles this year. Lease only
62 mile range with full charge
Eight hours to full charge on 230 VAC single phase
Two hour charge with Chademo 50KW DC charger
15995 lb GVWR
6615 lb curb weight for cab and chassis
Lowest “well to wheel” GHG emissions

15. Hybrid vehicles Like a Prius!
Hybrids use an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and an electric motor powered by batteries to propel the vehicle
Batteries recharge on deceleration by turning the electric motor into an electric generator
‘Regenerative braking” saves on foundation brakes as well
The ICE can be smaller because it does not have to supply all the power to move the vehicle

16. Hybrid vehicles operating modes

17. Hybrid vehicles use the best characteristics of both systems
ICEs generate a modest amount of torque starting off idle
ICEs produce their best fuel economy, torque and performance near peak torque RPM
Electric motors develop their highest torque just above zero RPM
Electric motor torque drops off as RPM increases
Hybrid uses the best of both systems to optimize MPG
Hybrids can use a smaller engine tuned to run at Peak efficiency
Hybrids produce less GHG because they burn less fuel

18. Hybrid vehicles use the best characteristics of both propulsion sources

19. Plug In Hybrid Plug In Hybrid uses BEV and Hybrid technology
Plug Ins use a larger battery than a standard hybrid
Plug Ins use AC power from the grid to charge the larger batteries overnight
Plug Ins have a larger range of operation on battery only than a hybrid
Plug Ins can take advantage of more regenerative braking and more dual mode operation to further extend the MPG

20. Farther in the future powertrains

21. Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Hydrogen Fuel Cells generate electricity from a Chemical reaction
No fuel is burned
The “exhaust” from the fuel cell is water and heat
Vehicles carry a pressurized refillable tank of Hydrogen
Fuel cells get the Oxygen needed for the chemical reaction from the air
The chemical reaction occurs in an electrolyte composed of precious metals

22. Hydrogen Fuel Cell

23. Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Most Hydrogen is generated from Natural Gas using high temperature and pressure steam processes
Hydrogen is extremely light even when pressurized, so weight of fuel in a vehicle is never a challenge
Hydrogen must be pressurized to between 5,000 psi and 10,000 to store enough fuel for a reasonable commercial range. This pressure requirement means fiber wound highly reinforced tanks
Fueling a Hydrogen Fuel Cell vehicle is no more difficult that fueling CNG

24. Questions?