1. Integrate modules sustaining our oceans
Image Credit – Michelle Kinzel, Photographer, 2006
Unit 5 Oceans In Protection – Marine Protected Areas

2. What is a ‘Marine Protected Area’ versus a ‘Marine Reserve’?
A Marine Protected Area (MPA) is “any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein.”
A Marine Reserve is a type of marine protected area that has legal protection against fishing or development.
Definitions and Comparisons of Marine Protected Areas and Marine Reserves
While all Marine Reserves are MPAs, not all MPAs are marine reserves.

3. How Marine Reserves and Networks Protect Oceans
Networks of marine reserves that protect different habitats can also protect species at various life stages.
Networks can provide insurance against environmental catastrophes.
Reserves have more biomass (abundance of plants and animals), and density (number of plants and animals per given area) and diversity (number of species).
Fish and invertebrates grow older and bigger and produced more young
Some adults, juveniles and larvae move out of the reserve and reproduce elsewhere. This spillover helps outside fisheries to thrive.
Figure 1.
Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Oceans University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015
Use to cover the main types of scientific information that will be presented biomass, density and diversity.
Also good to cover functionality of marine reserves and how and why they work to increase oceans sustainability.
Because disturbance to the bottom is not allowed, bottom habitats are diverse and healthy

4. Marine Reserves
If the ocean is like a debit account where everybody withdraws but nobody makes a deposit, marine reserves are savings accounts that produce compound interest.
Figure 2.
Infographic created by Michelle Kinzel
Another way to think about and describe Marine Reserves
Simulated Marine Reserve Before and After Protection Enforcement

5. Benefits of Marine Protected Areas
-Protect entire ecosystems; habitat and ecosystem function protected from destructive human activity
- 3 levels of biodiversity protection: ecosystem, species and genetic
- Provide resilience to protect against potentially damaging external impacts, such as global warming and ocean acidification
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015
Cover with class the major benefits of Marine Reserves, this slide addresses levels of protection as well as listing the scientific data that has been collected which points to the effectiveness of Marine Protectet Areas.
The 3rd bullet point is a major tie in with the other Units in this module – touching upon global warming and ocean acidification.
Species benefits include increases in the diversity, density, biomass, body size and reproductive potential of fish and other species within their boundaries.

6. Far Reaching Effects of Marine Reserves
Fished Area
Primary Effect –
More Lobsters
0.12/m2
0.002/m2
Predator = Lobster
Secondary Effect –
Fewer Urchins
2.4/m2
32.8/m2
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015.
Evidence and example of how Marine Reserves impact areas beyond their borders.
Prey = Urchin
Cascade Effect –
More Kelp Cover
26%
Cover 5%
Cover
Giant Kelp
In the Anacapa Marine Reserve off California, marine lobsters keep their urchin prey in check, enabling kelp beds to flourish. Data: Behrens and Lafferty (2004). Marine Ecology Progress Series. Infographic by Michelle Kinzel, 2015.

7. Global Distribution of Marine Protected Areas
Permission Granted by MPAtlas

8. Scientific Data – Extent of Kelp Cover
13 X Increase
Figure 1.
Public Domain
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, Figure 1.
Figure 4.
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
4 X Increase
Data: Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies Airamé, S. and J. Ugoretz (Eds.).
Channel Islands Marine Protected Areas: First 5 Years of Monitoring: 2003–2008.

9. Scientific Data - Biomass
Negative value means biomass was greater outside reserve
times more
X - times more
X - times more
Figure 2.
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
X - times more
Ratio of Fish Biomass Inside Reserve Versus Outside Reserve
Biomass = the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time
Data: USFWS, 2008

10. Scientific Data – Carapace Length of Lobsters
**Greater %age of smaller carapaces
**Greater %age of Larger Carapaces
Percentage of each size class
Figure 3. Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
Carapace Length (inches)
Legal Size Lobster = 3.25 inches carapace
Data: USFWS, 2009

11. Scientific Data – Age Structure of Population/ Size Class Distribution
30 cm
45 cm
60 cm
.36 kg
1.3 kg
3.1 kg
Figure 4. Individuals inside the reserve are allowed to grow older and larger, and reproduce more young.
Data:Bortone and Williams, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report
Graphic Image Produced by Michelle Kinzel, 2015.
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
3.4 million
360,000
1.33 million
= 100,000 young

12. Scientific Data – Fish Density (Number Fish per given area)
Number of Fish per 100m2
Figure 5. Data
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
Fish Species
Data: USFWS, 2008.

13. Scientific Data – Lobster Density
Number Lobsters Per Trap
Figure 6.
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
Location Relative to Reserve
Data: USFWS, 2008

14. Scientific Data – Abundance and Spill Over Effect
39%
61%
Figure 7.
Data: Micheli, er. Al. (2004). Ecological Applications.
Inforgraphic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015.
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
Data: Micheli, et al. (2004). Ecological Applications.

15. Scientific Data – Fish Dispersal, Evidence of Spillover Effect
Fish Species
Figure 8.
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2015.
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
Maximum Distance Traveled From Marine Reserve (miles)
Data: Kaunda-Arara and Rose, 2004.

16. Scientific Data – Larval Dispersal
The estimated distance traveled by larval before settling in their adult habitats.
Seaweeds  5 km
Invertebrates (Plankton)  500 km
Figure 9.
Data – PISCO,
Infographic Created by Michelle Kinzel, 2005.
Figure used in Activity Sheet for Students.
Use this image in class for clarification or discussion of any points needing extra time.
Fishes 1  800 km

17. Activity - Design A Marine Reserve
Larger image of map activity provided for demonstration or additional discussion in class (only if necessary).