1. Enzyme Action

2. Warm-up (10-13-15) What is special about carbon compounds?
What are the four main carbon compounds?

3. Outline for the day
Objectives
Carbon Compound Review

4. Objectives
To review previous knowledge of carbon compounds and their purposes.

6. Warm-up (10-14-15) What are the four main carbon compounds?
Why are carbon compounds essential?
Explain what you know about each of the carbon compounds

7. Outline for the day
Objectives
Carbon Compound Review

8. Objectives
To review previous knowledge of carbon compounds and their purposes.

9. Composition Notebook Set up
Set up a title page and table of contents
Title Page: Carbon Compounds
First page after table of contents: Enzyme Action Lab
Start with Part 1: label that then make a prediction for part 1, get the tables associated with part 1 glued/taped into your notebooks

10. Warm-up ( )
Which of the four carbon compounds are enzymes classified as? Explain how enzymes function. Draw a picture if you need to.

11. Outline for the day
Objectives
Lab ideals
Carbon Compound Review

12. Objectives
To review previous knowledge of carbon compounds and their purposes.

13. Lab Ideals

14. Warm-up ( )
Explain how you can see the elements of experimental design in the labquest lab dealing with the factors that affect enzyme activity.

15. Outline for the day Objectives Enzyme Action Lab
Protein structure activity

16. Objectives
To determine and demonstrate the folding structure of proteins and to see how the final structure of the the protein is determined at each individual level of structure

17. Warm-up ( )
Explain what you can remember about the carbon compound writing assignment in Biology where you had to explain the breakdown of carbon compounds.

18. Outline for the day
Objectives
Review carbon compounds

19. Objectives
To review carbon compounds and enzyme activity in order to be prepared for the enzyme lab test.

20. Warm-up ( )
Identify some reasons why we have been seeing a decrease in the levels of oxygen even though we should expect to see an increase in oxygen levels during the enzyme action experiment.

21. Outline for the day
Objectives
Review carbon compounds

22. Objectives
To review carbon compounds and enzyme activity in order to be prepared for the enzyme lab test.

23. Warm-up ( )
Give some reasons why your results are not matching with the ideal results that we would expect to see in this lab. Offer suggestions of how to improve your experimental procedure in order to improve results in the future.

24. Outline for the day
Objectives
Review carbon compounds

25. Objectives
To review carbon compounds and enzyme activity in order to be prepared for the enzyme lab test.

26. Warm-up ( )
Explain what the substrate was for the enzyme catalase that we used in this lab. Identify what the products of this reaction were.

27. Outline for the day
Objectives
Review carbon compounds

28. Objectives
To review carbon compounds and enzyme activity in order to be prepared for the enzyme lab test.

29. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

30. Carbon-based Compounds in living things
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

31. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

32. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

33. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

34. Carbohydrates What are they?
Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Sugars and starches
Can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells
Major part of plant cell structure
Monosaccharides – most basic
Glucose
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Polymers of monosaccharides

36. Polymer (starch) Polymer (cellulose)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

37. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

38. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.

39. Cellulose vs. Starches and Glycogen
Cellulose has different bonding of glucose monomers
Starches are made and stored by plants, and can be broken down as source of energy by plant and animal cells
Glycogen – made and stored by animals is more highly branched than plant starches

40. Lipids Nonpolar molecules Fats, oils, cholesterol
Contain chains of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms
Some can be broken down for energy
Some are part of cell structure
Fats and oils both contain glycerol bonded to fatty acids
Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol – triglycerides

41. Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy
make up cell membranes
used to make hormones

42. Protein folding activity

43. Protein Structure
Worksheet
Organic compound worksheet

45. Warm-up ( )
Explain what the two different types of lipids are and what the function of each one is.

46. Outline for the day
Objectives
Carbon Compound notes

47. Objectives Review Carbon compounds and their functions
To explain the structure of proteins and how they are crucial to life

48. Lipids Saturated Unsaturated Most animal fats
Every place that a hydrogen atom can bond to a carbon atom is filled with a hydrogen atom.
All single bonds
Unsaturated
Oils
Fewer hydrogen atoms because there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Double bonds make kinks

49. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Triglyceride

50. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids

51. Think about it
Why would the kinks in the unsaturated fats be important in living organisms?
Think about how those molecules fit together.

52. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid

53. Proteins Most varied of carbon-based molecules in organisms
Polymer made of monomers (amino acids)
Molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
20 different amino acids
Our bodies can make 12
Others come from foods
Meat, beans, nuts

54. Amino Acids in Proteins
Form peptide bonds
Covalent bonds formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.
Through peptide bonds, amino acids are linked into chains called polypeptides
A protein is one or more polypeptides
Specific sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s structure and function
Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheet

55. Generalizations about Proteins
Not all proteins contain all 20 amino acids, some amino acids occur either more or less frequently
Hydrophobic amino acids: fear water, located on the inside of protein
Hydrophilic amino acids: love water, located on outside of the protein

56. Types of Proteins Globular Fibrous Compact and folded
Transport (hemoglobin)
Storage (ferritin) stores Fe in liver
Defensive (antibodies)
Catalytic (enzymes)
Messenger (insulin)
Fibrous
Stretched out
Structural (connective tissues)
Contractile (myosin of muscle fiber)

57. Protein Structure 1. Primary structure
Amino acid sequence as determined by DNA
2. Secondary Structure
local geometric relationships as determined by attraction/repulsion
3. Tertiary structure
3D shape determined by all primary/secondary factors
4. Quaternary structure
from multiple polypeptide structures

58. Enzymes Proteins capable of speeding up chemical reactions
Not consumed or irreversibly altered
Each reaction type catalyzed by a separate enzyme
One enzyme may catalyze thousands of reactions per second
Substrate: molecule on which the enzyme acts at a specific location (active site)
Bonds are broken/made/altered in substrate
Allows enzyme to bind and participate in a catalytic event

59. Warm-up ( )
Explain the levels of protein structure and which structure determines the shape of the protein.

60. Outline for the day
Objectives
Protein folding
Carbon compound review

61. Objectives Review Carbon compounds and their functions
To explain the structure of proteins and how they are crucial to life

62. Enzymes Few enzymes act on single substrate Can be inhibited
Most cause a cascade of events
Can be inhibited
Inhibitor forms a bond with the enzyme, blocks active site
Cyanide binds, stops utilization of O2 in mitochondria
Competitive inhibitors will bind with the substrate
Reaction rate = reaction velocity
Measured by decrease in substrate concentration or increase in product concentration.

64. Reaction Rate: enzymes and substrates
Influenced by
Temperature: enzymatic rate doubles ten degrees C
Optimal is 37 C, body temperature
Extremely high temperatures = denature
pH: optimum pH depends on each enzyme
Curve of activity approximates a bell shape
May be active over broad or narrow range
Concentration: activity increases sharply at low concentration
Not as great at high concentration
Will reach a point of no increase
Enzyme is saturated

65. Why does pH denature enzymes?
Affect polar and nonpolar intramolecular attractive and repulsive forces that change the shape of the enzyme (active site)
Substrate no longer fits
Chemical change / reaction is inhibited

66. Nucleic Acids Provide detailed instructions to build proteins
Long carbon-based molecules
Polymers made up of nucleotides
Nucleotide is composed of sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing molecule (base)
Only have one function – work together to make proteins
Two Types
DNA = stores the info for putting amino acids together to make proteins
RNA = helps to build proteins

67. Protein folding http://phys.org/news/2015-10-membrane-protein.html

68. Warm-up ( )
Write down any questions you have about carbon compounds and the enzyme action lab

69. Outline for the day
Objectives
Review for Enzyme Action Lab

70. Objectives Review Carbon compounds and their functions
To explain the structure of proteins and how they are crucial to life

71. Learn More about Proteins!

72. Warm-up ( )
Write down everything you remember about the enzyme unit. Include details from the lab and what we talked about from our notes

73. Outline for the day
Objectives
Test

74. Objectives
To demonstrate knowledge of the enzyme unit by taking the test on enzymes

75. Warm-up (11-2-15) What are mitosis and meiosis?
What is the difference?

76. Outline for the day
Objectives
Meiosis and Mitosis Introduction

77. Objectives
To introduce the topic of mitosis and meiosis and begin the description of cell division.

78. Cell Division