1. Part 3: Organic Compounds
Chemistry Comes Alive
Part 3: Organic Compounds

2. Organic Compounds All contain C, H, O Types: Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
ATP

3. monomer  polymer  macromolecule
Polymer: chainlike molecules made of repeating units called monomers
Organic molecules are made by dehydration synthesis
monomer  polymer  macromolecule

4. Polymers are broken down (digested) by hydrolysis

5. Carbohydrates Structure: contains C, H, O (C:H:O in 1:2:1 ratio)
Function: main fuel for cells; some structure
Types:
Monosaccharides (monomers) – simple sugars
Glucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose
Disaccharides – double sugar
glucose + fructose  sucrose
Eg. lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides – polymer (many sugars linked)
Starch: storage carb in plants
Glycogen: storage carb in animal tissues (liver, skeletal muscle)

9. Lipids Structure: contains C, H, O (much more CH than O)
Function: store energy, cell membranes, hormones
Types:
Triglycerides: oils, fats
Fatty acid + glycerol
Saturated, unsaturated (mono- or poly-), trans, omega-3
Phospholipids: lipid bilayer in cell membranes
Steroids: cholesterol, hormones
Eicosanoids: prostaglandins (blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammation, labor)

17. Proteins Structure: contains C, H, O, N (+ some S, P) Functions:
Monomer = amino acid
Functions:
Enzymes (lactase)
Hormones (insulin)
Transport (hemoglobin)
Immunity (antibodies)
Movement (muscles)
Support (collagen)

18. Structural Levels of Proteins
Primary:
Amino acid sequence  forms polypeptide
20 different amino acids
AA’s linked by peptide bonds

20. Structural Levels of Proteins
Secondary:
Hydrogen bonds make spirals and sheets
Spirals = Alpha ()-helix
Sheets = Beta ()-pleated sheet

21. Structural Levels of Proteins
Tertiary:
More folding to produce globular (compact, ball-like) molecule

22. Lysozyme

23. Structural Levels of Proteins
Quaternary:
2+ polypeptides

24. amino acids  polypeptide  protein

25. Two Types of Proteins Fibrous Protein Structural Eg. collagen, keratin
Globular Protein
Functional
Eg. antibodies, enzymes

26. Protein Denaturation Denature = protein unfolds and loses 3D shape
Causes:  pH,  temperature
Change in STRUCTURE  change in FUNCTION!!!

27. Nucleic Acids Nucleotide Structure: contains C, H, O, N, P
Monomer = nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)
Function: store hereditary information
Types: DNA, RNA
Nucleotide

28. DNA
RNA

29. DNA RNA Instructions for building proteins
Double-stranded (double helix)
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Bases: A, G, C, Thymine
Complimentary: A-T, G-C
Carry info from DNA to ribosomes
Single-stranded
Sugar: Ribose
Bases: A, G, C, Uracil
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

30. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Structure: adenine base + ribose +3 phosphates
Function: main energy compound of cells
ATP  ADP + Pi + energy

32. Enzymes
Biological Catalyst: speeds up chemical reactions, but not used up or changed
Lowers activation energy (E required to start reaction)

33. Enzymes Substrate: what an enzyme acts on
Active site: where substrate binds (very specific shape to fit substrate)

34. Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins affected by pH and temperature

35. Protein Denaturation Denature = protein unfolds and loses 3D shape
Causes:  pH,  temperature
Change in STRUCTURE  change in FUNCTION!!!