1. Human Geography:
South Asia

2. ANCIENT CIVILIZATION AROUND THE INDUS RIVER
Civilization began around 2500 BCE in the Indus River Valley (present day Pakistan)
Well planned cities (Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro), brick buildings, sophisticated sanitation
- Controlled by Hindus and also Muslims

3. British Imperialism European’s came to the area looking for spices
By 1858, the British gained control of the area and established direct rule (period called the raj)
Raj – period of British rule in India (1858 – 1947)
Prior to the 19th Century, the East India Company ruled India with little interference from the British government
The East India Company had their own military/army led by British officers and staffed by sepoys (Indian soldiers)

4. British Imperialism India = Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” Why?
During industrialization, India was the main supplier of raw materials & potential consumers
British restrictions:
India must produce raw materials for manufacturing
Buy British goods
Indian competition was prohibited
Britain was taking drastic measures to ensure they maintained control of India (and the people did not rebel or demand independence, which had occurred in previously colonial ventures – i.e., the United States)
India both benefitted and was harmed as a result of British imperialism

5. Impact of British Imperialism
Negatives
Positives
British held most of the pol & econ power
British restricted Indian-owned industries
Emphasis on cash crops resulted in a loss of self-sufficiency (famine)
Increased presence of missionaries & racist attitudes threatened traditional Indian life
Laying of world’s 3rd largest railroad networks (development of modern economy & unity)
Building of infrastructure
Sanitation and public health improved
Schools & colleges
British helped rid the land of bandits & put an end to local warfare
The positives and negatives, and strain of British rule on the Indian people, led to increased called for nationalism  this fuels the movement for Indian independence
Indian demanded a greater role in government (the running of it)
Indians also wanted to eliminate systems that kept them as second class citizens (were barred from top posts in the Indian Civil Service, were paid less than Europeans in middle-level jobs)

6. Nationalism in India Late 1800s
Indians wanted greater role in government
Did not want to continue being treated as second-class citizens within their own country
Feeling increased after partition of Bengal (1905)

7. Partition
British claimed area (India) was too large for efficient governing
Split into Hindu section & Muslim section
Benefits British b/c harder for divided regions to unite against them
NW & Eastern region of India becomes Pakistan
Pakistan divided into East & West
Within one month’s time, the British House of Commons passed an act that granted the two nations, India and Pakistan, independence

8. British Responses to India’s Nationalism
Rowlatt Acts
Amritsar Massacre
1919
Laws allowing the government to jail protestors without trial for as long as two years
Enacted to curb dissent in India
Gandhi frequently jailed
In response to Rowlatt Acts
10,000 Hindus & Muslims flocked to Amritsar (major city in the Punjab)
Intent = fast, pray & listen to speeches
Demonstration alarmed British
British ban on public meetings (protestors unaware)
British commander opened fire believing the people were defying the ban
British commander opened fire on unsuspecting protestors; it lasted for about 10 minutes (within an enclosed courtyard)
Official reports indicated that nearly 400 Indians died and about 1,200 were wounded
News of the slaughter sparked an explosion of anger across India; almost overnight, millions of Indians changed from loyal subject of the British to nationalists

9. Salt March (1930) Organized by Gandhi to protest Salt Acts
British laws stating that Indians could buy salt from no other source except the British gov’t (and paid a sales tax)
Salt March:
Gandhi & followers walked 240 miles to the seacoast
Once there, began making salt by collecting seawater and letting it evaporate
Outcome of Salt March:
British gov’t passed the Government of India Act
Provided for local self-gov’t and limited democratic elections
Protestors intended to continue their march to a site where the British government processed salt; they intended to shut the salt works down
Police officers with steel-tipped clubs attacked
An American journalist witnessed the attack, published a story  news spread across the world leading to world wide support of Gandhi

10. Mohandas Gandhi
Demands for India’s independence were led by Gandhi in India
Movement based on non-violent resistance (civil disobedience)
Examples of civil disobedience?
Independence gained in 1947
What American civil rights activist got many of his ideas from Gandhi?

11. India gains Independence (1947)
August 15, 1947
Jawaharlal Nehru becomes India’s first prime minister
Leadership moved India forward
(1) Reorganization of states by language;
(2) Pushed for social reforms & industrialization;
(3) Elevation of lower castes/those at the bottom; &
(4) Expanded the rights of women

12. Use to explain the conflicts between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs
When India and Pakistan became independent and it was set that India would be a Hindu state and Pakistan a Muslim state, thousands of people were moving throughout the continent
As Hindus fled Pakistan for India, Muslims murdered them; additionally, as Muslims fled India for Pakistan, Hindus and Sikhs attacked and murdered them

13. East Punjab Region in extreme NE India Occupied primarily by the Sikhs
Sikhs want East Punjab to become an independent state just as India and Pakistan
PROBLEM!!!
The majority of agricultural output within India comes from this region – India is NOT going to let the East Punjab region separate and gain independence
See if students can make the connection to Jordan River in ME with Palestinians refugees and Sudan/Nigeria

14. Bangladesh Independence (1971)
In an effort to deter civil war, Pakistan was divided
Islamic faith was the only uniting element
1970: Cyclone & tidal wave hit East Pakistan
Although aid poured in, West Pakistan (the seat of the gov’t) was slow to transfer aid to East Pakistan (larger population)
Led to demonstrations in East Pakistan calling for separation from West Pakistan
**March 26, 1971: East Pakistan declares independence (now Bangladesh)  brutal civil war followed
Outcome:
Bangladesh’s economy ruined, communication system fractured
Even though Pakistan was divided into West and East, the relations remained strained; the only element uniting them was the Islamic faith
West Pakistan: seat of the government; since the capital was in West Pakistan, ministers, government officials, and industrialists exerted immense influence on national and regional affairs (capital also attracted education professionals, doctors, etc. who had fled from India)
East Pakistan: had the larger population (55% compared with the West’s 45%); believed that the capital should be in East Pakistan due to the larger population. Without the capital, East Pakistan would never thrive to the same extent as West Pakistan (hence the strained relations the led to civil war – the same war that the division had intended to prevent)

15. Fighting over the Kashmir
Fighting in region between Hindus and Muslims
Small region of Kashmir lays at the northern point of India near Pakistan
Issues: Kashmir was primarily Muslim but its leader was Hindu
Fighting continued until a UN cease-fire on 1949 (left a 1/3 of the region under Pakistan control and the rest under India’s control)
Importance of Kashmir Region:
Religious and geographically, for survival
Contains many tributaries of the Indus River.
Whomever controls this region, has a major source of drinking water and irrigation for their country
This issue has been heightened in the last decade due to the fact that both countries now have nuclear power.
The region of Kashmir at the time was primarily Muslim but its leader was Hindu. Because of this, the maharajah tried to keep the region independent.
This was not successful and Kashmir ceded to India in Shortly after, Pakistan invaded.
Shortly after receiving independence, India & Pakistan began battling over the region
Since then, India and Pakistan have fought 2 more wars over this region and it still remains unresolved.
The importance of this region is not only religious but it also contains many tributaries of the Indus River.
Thus, whomever controls this region, has a major source of drinking water and irrigation for their country.
This issue has been heightened in the last decade due to the fact that both countries now have nuclear power.

16. Fighting over Kashmir Region

17. Population Density: India & Bangladesh

18. Population Density Let’s Compare: US (pg 107) Western Europe (267)
South Asia (India) (547)
China (615)
Ranking of largest nation’s and populations:
China
India US
Indonesia
Brazil

19. Modern day issues plaguing south Asia

20. Problems Rapid population growth Poverty Lack of education
Low literacy rates
Extreme dependence on farming (2/3s = farmers)

21. Has 1 billion people, and is growing!!!

22. What does it mean to be literate?

23. Solutions to Dependence on Farming
Land reform – redistribute land more fairly
The Green Revolution – new farming techniques and better varieties of grain to make land more productive

24. If you lived in India, you would pass these milestones:
You would receive some schooling, as Indian law provides free education from age 6 – 14. In some areas, though, you could be working even before the age of 10.
In school, you would study history, geography, science, math, and moral education.
You might be married at age 16 if you were a female living in a rural area and at age 17 if you were a female in an urban area
You could enter the military at age 17 if you were a male
You could vote at age 18

25. The Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal is a white Marble mausoleum located in Agra, India.
It was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."

26. Buddhism vs. Hinduism

27. Buddhism A philosophy of living life that is similar to Hinduism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as “Buddha” (meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit)
Use mandalas (geometric designs) to symbolize the universe and aid in meditation
Final Goal – Nirvana (must experience multiple lifetimes to achieve)
BUDDHISTS DO NOT FOLLOW THE CASTE SYSTEM!!
Notes:
Buddhism was founded in Northern India by Siddhartha Gautama in the sixth century BCE.
However, Buddhists believe that there were countless Buddhas -- humans who have achieved enlightenment -- before him and that there will be many more after him.
Dalai Lama is the reincarnation of Buddha
When Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment, he assumed the title Lord Buddha (one who has awakened)
Enlightenment
When one meditates and achieves the highest level of spirituality

28. Hinduism Make up 80% of Indian population Caste System
Brahma – most divine spirit in the Hindu religion
Moksha – final goal of religion (similar to Buddhist nirvana)
Polytheistic

29. Cows are sacred to Hindus

30. * Karma
Moral consequences of your actions

31. * Reincarnation
The rebirth of souls after death, and the moral actions of a person determine how a person is reincarnated.
When the cycle of reincarnation is over, a person becomes one with god – Nirvana or “Moksha”

32. Caste System A system of social stratification (social hierarchy)
Defined/determined at birth
India’s caste system:
Caste System

33. The Brahmans
Highest “class” or caste
Teachers, Priests, Doctors

34. Kshatriyas
Kings and Nobility
Warriors
Second most prestigious

35. Vaishyas
Merchants and Farmers

36. Sudras
Artists
Workers
Service Providers

37. Untouchables Excluded from society all together Outcasts
Also known as “dalits”
Face violence and discrimination

38. STOP HERE!!!