1. Chapter 7: Memory and Training

2. OVERVIEW

3. Representation of memory functions

4. Working memory

5. Working memory model Phonological store (loop) Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Central executive
Episodic buffer.
Central
Executive
Articulatory
Loop
Phonological
Store

6. Working Memory Interference
Code Interference
Verbal-phonetic versus visual-spatial code interference
Interference in the Central Executive
Central-executive intensive tasks (random number generation)

7. Working Memory, the Central Executive and Executive Control
Working memory capacity
Roles of central executive
To temporary hold & manipulate info in LTM
To change retrieval strategies from LTM
To coordinate performance on multiple tasks
To attend selectively to stimuli

8. Matching Display with Working Memory Code
Stimulus/central processing/response compatibility.
Echoic and iconic memory

9. Limitations of Working Memory
Duration
Brown-Peterson paradigm.
Capacity
Relationship with speed of rehearsal.
Magic number 7 ± 2
Chunking
Chunks of information
Parsing

10. Interference & confusion

11. Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Relationship between interference, and space and similarity
Implications of design
Working memory analysis

12. EXPERTISE AND MEMORY

13. Expertise
General characteristics
Intrinsic versus contrived tasks

14. Expertise and Chunking
Template theory and chunking
Chunking strategies
Novice versus expert differences

15. Skilled Memory and Long Term Working Memory
Limitations of chunking based accounts
Long-term working memory theory

16. EVERYDAY MEMORY

17. Prospective Memory Effects of delay on PM performance
PM and motivation
Implementation intention and strategies to improve PM

18. Transactive Memory (System)
Properties of a TMS
Specialization, coordination and credibility
Collaborative inhibition
How it can be reduced
TMS and team performance

19. SITUATION AWARENESS

20. Working Memory and Expertise in Situation Awareness
Evidence for links between WM and SA
Role of LTWM in SA

21. Levels of SA and Anticipation
Endsley’s Three levels of SA
Perception
Comprehension
Projection
Mechanisms by which anticipation is accomplished

22. Measuring SA and the Role of Anticipation
SAGAT
SPAM
Implicit performance-based measures

23. PLANNING AND PROBLEM SOLVING

24. Planning and Problem Solving
Role of working memory and difficulty
Satisficing problem solving and opportunistic planning
Supporting planning and problem solving
Visualization
Heuristic strategies in problem solving
Training to support team problem solving
Heterogeneous and homogeneous pairs

25. TRAINING

26. Transfer of Training
Measuring transfer -- Transfer effectiveness ratio.

27. Transfer of Training Training system fidelity
Realism, complexity, workload and learning outcome

28. Transfer of Training Negative transfer
Similarity of stimulus and response elements between old and new task.

29. Training Techniques and Strategies
Cognitive Load Theory
Intrinsic load, germane load and extraneous load
Training support and error prevention: Reducing intrinsic load
Worked examples and scaffolding
Task simplification: Reducing intrinsic load
adaptive training

30. Training Techniques and Strategies
Part task training: Reducing intrinsic load

31. Training Techniques and Strategies
Part task training: Reducing intrinsic load
time sharing skills, and variable priority training
Active learning: Increasing germane load
generation effect, and active versus passive learning

32. Training Techniques and Strategies
Multi-media instruction: Decreasing extraneous load
dual-coding principle
Feedback
Practice and overlearning

33. Training Techniques and Strategies
Expertise effect
Distribution of practice
Training-transfer dissociation

34. LONG TERM MEMORY: REPRESENTATION, ORGANISATION, AND RETRIEVAL

35. Knowledge Representation
Procedural versus declarative knowledge
Implicit, semantic and episodic memory
Knowledge elicitation to extract domain knowledge from experts

36. Knowledge Representation
Knowledge organisation
Implications for design of menus
Mental model
Role, novice versus expert differences

37. Knowledge Representation
Methods for representing long-term knowledge
Work domain analysis, observations and interviews, protocol analysis

38. Memory Retrieval and Forgetting
Recall and recognition
Implications for design of computer interfaces, remember-know paradigm, retrieval cues, and retrieval induced forgetting
Event memory
Accuracy, misinformation effect

39. Skill Retention
Skill type, sequence of practice, individual differences