1. IONIC BONDING AND IONIC COMPOUNDS
CHAPTER 15

2. VALENCE ELECTRONS
Valence electrons-electrons in the highest occupied energy level
Sum of the s and p electrons
Group 1 has ____valence electron
Group ____ has 2 valence electrons
Group 3 has ____ valence electrons 1 2 3

3. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION FOR CATIONS
OCTET RULE-in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas (set of 8 electrons)
Metallic atoms ____ electrons to obey octet rule
Most lose between 1 and 3 electrons
Metals have a _______ charge
POSITIVE
LOSE

4. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION FOR ANIONS
Anions GAIN electrons to obey octet rule
Most gain between 1 and 3 electrons
Nonmetals have a _________ charge
NEGATIVE

5. TRANSITION METALS Charges for transition metal cations vary
Do not necessarily obey octet rule
Have pseudo-noble gas configuration
Examples Ag Fe

6. 15.2 FORMATION OF IONIC BONDS
Cations and anions have opposite charges
Electrostatic force of attraction called IONIC BOND
Electrically neutral compounds formed are called ionic compounds
Electrons lost must equal electrons gained

7. 15.2 Properties of Ionic Compounds
At room temperature-Crystalline Solids of 3D patterns
High melting points-high boiling points
Conduct electricity
In molten state
If water soluble

9. Metallic Bonding
A metallic bond occurs when positive metal ions like Cu+2 or Fe+3 are surrounded by a "sea of electrons" or freely-moving valence electrons.  The valence electrons are not bound to any particular cation, but are free to move throughout the metallic crystal. 

10. In the picture below, the red circles are metal cations packed in a crystal lattice.  The black dots represent the "sea" of freely moving valence electrons.  

11. Properties of Metals
Metals are good conductors of electricity:  electric current is a movement of free electrons
Metals are ductile:  They can be drawn into wires because electrons are mobile.
Metals are malleable:  They can be hammered into sheets due to mobility of electrons.

12. Alloys
Alloys are metallic substances composed of two or more elements- at least one of these elements is a metal.
Alloys are important because the properties of an alloy are often superior to those of its component elements.

13. Common alloys are:
Stainless steel (composed of iron, chromium, carbon and nickel)
Sterling silver    (composed of silver and copper)
14 karat gold    (composed of gold and copper:  Note:  Pure gold is too soft to wear as jewelry!)
Brass/bronze  (composed of copper and zinc)