1. Decline of the Republic And Rise of the Empire
The Roman Empire
Decline of the Republic
And
Rise of the Empire /

2. Decline of the Republic
~ 120BC some leaders attempt to give land to plebeians (Tiberius Gracchus)
Patricians fight back
75 years of civil war
Generals gather private armies, fight for control
Senate loses power

3. Military Changes The army was no longer a citizen army
Now it was a professional army
Men joined to become rich and powerful
Loyalty was to a general, not to Rome
The senate passed a law
The army could never enter the city of Rome
Generals are very powerful and the senate feared this new power

4. Julius Caesar Rise of Julius Caesar Rome on the brink of collapse
Julius strong military general
58-51BC lead army to conquer Gaul
Captured large amounts of gold
55 BC Bridge Across the Rhine River
Troops very loyal

5. Julius Caesar Rise of Julius Caesar Caesar make an alliance
Joins Pompey and Crassus
Helped each other gain power
Caesar elected to consul in 59 B.C.

6. Julius Caesar Rise of Julius Caesar Death of a Dictator
49BC returns to Italy
Fights with armies of the Senate
Caesar wins, becomes Dictator for Life in 44BC
Ruled with great power, took much of the Senate’s power for himself (King)
Assassinated by Senators March 15, 44BC

7. The Empire Octavian (Augustus)
Another civil war after Julius, 13 years
Adopted son of Caesar
27BC Given title Augustus by senate
First true emperor of Rome
Shows respect for senate, doesn’t “power grab”
Time of peace and prosperity –Pax Romana

8. The Empire Notable Emperors Nero (54-68) Trajan (98-117)
“Nero fiddled while Rome burned”
Murders family
Tyrant, Persecution of Christians
Trajan (98-117)
Expanded Empire to its largest
Public Building Projects
Social welfare

9. The Empire Notable Emperors Hadrian (117-138) Consolidated border
Reorganizes army so soldiers defend home provinces
Champion of education
Hadrian’s Wall

10. Ruling the Empire Governing Conquered People Usually remained free
Divided into provinces
Ruled by governor, supported by army
Rome did not force their way of life on them
Happy people= taxes and commerce
Many adopted Roman ways in the end. (Why?)

11. Daily Life Citizenship City of Rome was overpopulated
Originally, only residents of city were true Romans
Census – official count of people
Registering=citizenship
Men declare families, slaves, wealth.
If failed to register, could lose property or become slave

12. Daily Life Citizenship Social Classes
Women, slaves, and ex-slaves could not become citizens
Huge gap between rich and poor
Rich – lavish houses, country estates, feasts and parties
Poor – crowded apartments, no water

13. Daily Life Circuses Poor sometimes riot
Usually over lack of food, particularly wheat
Emperors put on shows (Circus) to make people happy, entertain
Free grain provided
Fights, public executions
Gladiators, exotic animals

14. Daily Life Family Life Traditional values Government support
Land and money if family had children
Directed at upper class
Paterfamilias – “father of the family”
Often 3 generations under 1 roof
Had absolute power

15. Daily Life Family Life Women Slavery Married into families
Freedom based on husband’s wealth
Could work, own things
Slavery
Very common
Generally well cared for
Possible to buy freedom