1. Foundations of Rome
7.1

2. “All roads lead to Rome”
“Rome was not built in a day”
“When in Rome, do as the Romans do”
What does this mean?

3. Geography of Italy

4. Founding
Romulus and Remus

5. Etruscans ruled until 509 BC Etruscans governed with a monarchy
Romans started a republic
elected officials

6. Rome Social Hierarchy Patricians Plebeians aristocratic families
regular people

9. 450 BC Twelve Tables displayed in the Forum written laws
central square

10. Government Three parts Senate Assemblies Magistrates
public finances, foreign relations
Assemblies
citizens who voted on laws
Magistrates
laws into practice- judges

11. Consuls
two magistrates
one year term
CEO and commander of army

12. Censors
recorded population and property
“census”

13. Life in the Republic
Palatine
wealthiest citizens
Capitoline
temples

14. Forum
shopping, gossip, public celebrations

15. Roman Army
all men aged 17-46
legions
100 men- century

16. Punic Wars
v. Carthage

17. 1st Punic War naval war tactics involved ramming other ship
Carthage good at this, Rome not so much

18. Rome changed tactics put hooks on ships
turned naval battles into small land battles
Allowed Rome to win the First Punic War

19. 2nd Punic War Hannibal- Carthaginian general
leads army through Spain, over Alps, into Italy
best known for use of elephants

21. Hannibal wins every battle on the way to Rome, but can’t take Rome
Rome is too well fortified
Decides on war of attrition in hopes of destroying Roman economy

22. Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean, landed in North Africa, and headed for Carthage

23. Led by patrician general Scipio Aemilius Africanus
Hannibal forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage
Defeated at the Battle of Zama, fought outside the walls of Carthage

24. After loss of Second Punic War, Carthage was pretty much done.
Hannibal died of suicide
economy was ruined
all territory was lost to Rome
Some Romans, however, feared that Carthage would return to power.

25. 3rd Punic War Cato the Elder
pushed for the annihilation of Carthage for good
Rome declares war, even though Carthage is pretty much defenseless.

26. Rome completes the sweep! Carthage is utterly destroyed:
citizens sold into slavery
all goods carried back to Rome
entire city burned to the ground
salt sown in the ground to make sure nothing would ever grow again
Carthage completely disappeared!!!!!

27. Republic to Empire
7.2

28. Gracchi Tiberius and Gaius fought for soldier farmers
redistributed public land

29. Elites rebelled
brothers are killed
violence becomes political tool

30. Gaius Marius 107 BC- elected consul accepted anyone into army
army became “private forces”

31. Civil War
Sulla v. Marius

32. Sulla wins and becomes dictator!!!
executes those who opposed him

33. Caesar
nephew of Marius
popular general

34. Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
“First Triumvirate”
59 BC- Caesar becomes consul

35. Caesar takes command of army in Gaul (France)- conquers
Pompey orders Caesar home, he refuses.
Marches toward Rome, declares war as he crosses the Rubicon

36. Rule of Caesar reduced power of Senate, made enemies
Cassius and Marcus Brutus
assassinate Caesar on March 15, 44 BC
“Ides of March”
et tu, Brute

37. Second Triumverite Marc Antony, Octavian, Lepidus
Octavian- “Augustus”- first citizen
first Roman emperor
expanded empire from Spain to Syria
began era of “Pax Romana”

38. Pax Romana
“Roman Peace”
lasted for 200 yrs

39. Pax Romana Emperors
Claudius
conquered Britain
poisoned by wife

40. Nero
killed himself after epic fire in Rome

41. Hadrian
Hadrian’s Wall
built to keep northern invaders from Britain

42. Hadrian’s Wall

45. Roman Society
7.3

46. Life for the Rich city home and country home- “villas”
running water and baths

47. Life for the Poor crowded 3-4 story apartments fire = biggest threat
“bread and circuses”

48. Circus Maximus
chariot racing

49. Colosseum

50. Gladiators- trained fighters who were usually slaves
fights most likely ended in death

51. Public Baths hot and cold pools Used for socialization and Exercise
Bath, England

52. Family Life paterfamilias- family father
family head
took care of wife, sons with their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves

53. Achievements
Galen
physician in AD 100s
worked on gladiators

54. Ptolemy
earth was center of the universe

55. Aqueducts
man made channels used to bring water to cities

56. Roads and Bridges Why were roads so important? move army
promoted trade, travel, communication
60,000 miles of road

57. The Appian Way

59. Rome’s greatest contribution to engineering is the development of concrete.
made large buildings possible

60. Language learned alphabet from Etruscans
we use the Latin alphabet of 23 letters plus j,y,w which were added by the English
Latin spread because of Roman Catholic Church