1. Rome

2. The Alps: mountains natural protection
Geography
The Alps: mountains natural protection
Mediterranean Sea: protection & trade

3. Macedon ROME Persia Carthage Egypt The Alps Rome Macedon Persia

4. Ancient Italy (c. 6th century B.C.)

5. Etruscans (900-500 BC) Northern Italy Extravagant art
Drained marshes, built sewers, paved roads
Latins in central Italy (Rome) revolt against Etruscan king

6. Etruscan pottery depicting Odysseus & his men fighting Cyclops

7. Etruscan architectural plans (ca. 510 BC)

8. Legend:
Bros. Romulus & Remus
Romulus won fight to rule, so city was named Rome
Real beginning:
700 BC, Latins “the 1st Romans” created villages on Tiber River

11. Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC)
509 BC: Latins/Romans set up republic (citizens vote for leaders)
Citizens free-born males in Rome

13. CLASS CONFLICT Patricians- wealthy landowners with power
Plebeians- farmers & workers can vote, but can’t rule

14. Plebs vs. Pats Laws not written down Patrician judges stated
& applied the law
Plebeians went on strikes

15. THE TWELVE TABLES
450 BC: Roman laws carved on 12 bronze tablets “innocent until proven guilty” - hung in Forum (public square)

16. Senate (controlled $ & foreign policy)
Dictator in emergencies
2 Consuls-1 yr. terms
Assemblies voted on laws
Elected tribunes who could veto senate

17. Roman Religion Romans adopted Greek gods
Jupiter: same as Greek god Zeus
Juno: (Greek Hera) queen of the gods
Diana: (Greek Artemis) goddess of the earth & hunters
Mars: (Greek Ares) god of war
Minerva: (Greek Athena) goddess of wisdom & war
Venus: (Greek Aphrodite) goddess of love

19. 264 BC the city had taken over the Italian Peninsula
Expansion
264 BC the city had taken over the Italian Peninsula

21. Roman Legion=6,000 troops
Disciplined- (decimation “removal of the tenth”)
Roman roads- well constructed to move legions

22. Rome vs. Carthage
Carthage: wealthy trading city in north Africa that took Sicily
Punic Wars ( BC)

23. Carthage tried to take Strait of Messina
1st Punic War (264 BC-241 BC)
Carthage tried to take Strait of Messina

24. Carthage gives up Sicily
Carthage=strong navy; Rome=strong army
Grappling hooks onto Carthaginian ships, boarded ships, & fought to the death
Carthage gives up Sicily

25. 2nd Punic War (218 BC-202 BC) Carthage wants revenge
New general 25 years old--- Hannibal
218 BC- Hannibal takes Roman land in Spain

26. Hannibal, 40,000 men, & 37 elephants invade through Alps
1/3 men die
General Publius Scipio’s legions attack Zama (near Carthage)
202 BC: Scipio defeated Hannibal & Carthage gives up land in Spain

28. ROME DESTROYS CARTHAGE Burned Carthage Put salt in soil
3rd Punic War (149 BC-146 BC)
ROME DESTROYS CARTHAGE
Burned Carthage
Put salt in soil

29. 130 BC—Rome ruled everything from Spain to Asia Minor

30. Large area=hard to rule
Divided into provinces who pay taxes (tribute)
Tax collectors steal=rebellions

31. Farmers move to city (farmland stolen while they were at Punic Wars)
Slaves now doing work
Poor farmers - unemployed

32. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus (133 – 121 BC)
Tribunes who made laws to help the poor
Both killed in riots

33. Gracchi Brothers

34. Gaius Marius
107 BC—Elected consul
Paid soldiers $ & land
Soldiers loyal to commander
88 BC—Gaius overthrown by Lucas Cornelius Sulla (makes himself dictator)

35. 1st Triumvirate
Consuls—Gnaeus Pompey, Licinius Crassus, & popular general—Julius Caesar

36. 60 BC—3 men = 1st Triumvirate (shared power)
Jealous over power
Pompey ordered Caesar to Rome
Caesar crosses Rubicon River (with his army) & wins civil war

37. Julius Caesar
45 BC—Dictator of Rome
Gave grain to poor
44 BC—Dictator for life
March 15, 44 BC (Ides of March)—Stabbed to death by Roman Senators

38. 2nd Triumvirate
Caesar’s 19 yr old grandnephew—Octavian—with—Marc Antony & Marcus Lepidus
Antony moved to Egypt & married Cleopatra
Oct. convinced Senate to declare war on Antony & Cleo.

39. Antony and Cleo. commit suicide
Octavian=1st Roman Emperor

40. 1st Emperor 1. Augustus (Octavian): (27 BC-14 AD) Pax Romana begins
Chief priest---head of state religion
Had no sons

42. Adopted son of Augustus
Bad Emperors
2. Tiberius (14 AD-37 AD)
Adopted son of Augustus

43. Bad Emperors 3. Caligula (37 AD-41 AD) Tiberius’ grandnephew
Unstable/CRAZY after illness
41 AD: assassinated by one of his guards

44. Bad Emperors 4. Claudius (41 AD-54 AD) Uncle of Caligula
Murdered by his wife- wanted her son to be emperor

45. Bad Emperors 5. Nero (54 AD-68 AD) Claudius’ stepson Cruel & vain
Murdered mom & wife--feared they’d kill him
Sentenced to death by Senate; but, he committed suicide
Bad Emperors

46. Good Emperors Senate chose 1st of the good emperors—Nerva (96-98 AD)
Hadrian
Hadrian’s Wall across Britain
Marcus Aurelius
180 AD—last good emperors (Pax Romana ENDED)
Army busy with civil wars=NOT defending borders

47. Hadrian’s Wall

49. Roman Civilization Pax Romana (27 BC-180 AD)
“Roman Peace” allowed trade to grow
Grain, wine, oil, cloth, pottery, glassware
African ivory, Chinese silk, Indian pepper

50. Colosseum: Gladiator events Circus Maximus: Chariot races
Roman Architecture
Colosseum: Gladiator events
Circus Maximus: Chariot races
Pantheon: Temple to all gods
Aqueducts: Artificial channels for carrying water

56. Latin=language of Europe until 1500s
Basis for Romance languages (French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian)

57. Jewish Rebellions
6 AD: Kingdom of Judah added to Empire- renamed Judea
Jews rebelled twice 66 & 135 AD
Romans destroyed all but Western Wall of 2nd temple & forced Jews out of Jerusalem

58. Jesus of Nazareth Jesus received Jewish education
Jesus said God was loving & forgiving not harsh as Jews thought
Disciples—believed Jesus was messiah (savior)
Many Jews didn’t believe Jesus was messiah—this is difference between Christianity & Judaism
Age 33 Jesus crucified

59. Resurrection=way to prove Jesus was “Son of God”
Leading Apostle—Paul
Spread Christianity throughout Roman Empire
Wrote epistles to churches (New Testament)

60. Persecution Christians DID NOT honor emperor as a god
Thrown into gladiator events to die
300s AD, many turn to Christianity
Empire was about to collapse

61. Patriarch of Rome proclaimed authority over all
Pope (head over all the churches)
East didn’t accept the pope
Western Church=Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Church=Eastern Orthodox Church

62. Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church
1. Pope
2. Archbishop
3. Bishop
4. Parish Priest

63. Fall of the Western Empire
1.) Diocletian ( )
Divided empire into 2 parts—East & West
Issued Edict of Prices to slow inflation

64. Fall of the Western Empire
2.) Constantine ( )
Won civil war
Moved capital to Byzantium & renamed it Constantinople
1st Christian emperor – Edict of Milan

65. Fall of the Western Empire
3.) Theodosius ( )
Won civil war
Will created separate empires with separate rulers
East—Byzantine Empire
West—Roman Empire
Made Christianity official religion of empire

66. Fall of the Western Empire
Civil wars caused :
Difficult travel & trade
Destroyed farmland—food prices increased
Inflation (prices go up, value of $ goes down)

67. Fall of the Western Empire
Germanic Invasions
300s AD: Germanic tribes
Looking for better climates & grazing lands
Wanted to share Rome’s wealth
Running from the Huns

68. Fall of the Western Empire
Visigoths & Vandals invaded & sacked Rome
Franks & Goths divided Gaul
Attila the Hun attacked Italy
453—Attila died & the Huns retreated into Eastern Europe
476—Roman emperor killed by Germanic soldier—Odoacer who made himself king of Italy
476—Date of the end of the Western (Roman) Empire
Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) continued on for 1000 more yrs.