1. Experiencing The Lifespan
JANET BELSKY
Experiencing The Lifespan
3rd edition
Chapter 5:
Physical and Cognitive Development
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

2. Figure 5.1 The human cortex and that of some other species: Notice the size of our cortex in comparison to other species. Also notice the dramatic increase in the size of our frontal lobes. It is our mammoth cortex and especially our huge frontal lobes that are responsible for everything that makes our species unique.
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

3. Table 5.1 Selected Motor Skill Milestones: Progression from Age 2 to Age 6
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

4. Figure 5. 2 Percentage of U. S
Figure 5.2 Percentage of U.S. children aged 6–11 classified as obese, selected years: This chart shows that the prevalence of child obesity almost tripled during the 1980s and has continued to rise, though, notice, at increasingly slower rates.
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

5. Table 5.2 Three Low-Stress, Research-based Obesity-Control Techniques for Parents and Three Research Messages for Society
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

6. Table 5.3 Piaget’s Stages: Focus on Childhood JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

7. Figure 5.3 Four Piagetian conservation tasks: Can you perform these tasks with a child you know?
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

8. Figure 5.4 A problem with seriation: When asked to “put these sticks in order, from biggest to smallest,” this kindergartner may center on the uppermost part of the table and identify the sticks numbered 2 and 5 as the biggest.
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

9. Table 5.4 Can You Identify the Type of Preoperational Thought from These Real-World Examples?
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

10. Figure 5.5 Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development: These lines illustrate the ZPD— the gap between where a child is currently “at” intellectually and where he can potentially be. If a teacher sensitively teaches within this zone and employs scaffolding (see step-wise lines)—providing support, then backing off when help is no longer needed—students will reach their full intellectual potential.
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

11. Table 5.5 Piagetian and vygotskian Perspectives on Life and Learning
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

12. Figure 5.6 A selective attention study: In this study measuring selective attention, children were asked only to memorize the animals on the top half of the cards. Then researchers looked for age differences in their memory for the irrelevant household items.
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

13. Table 5.6 Information-Processing Guidelines for Teachers and Parents
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

14. Table 5.7 Challenges on the Language Pathway: A Summary Table
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

15. Figure 5.7 The false-belief task: In this classic test for theory of mind, when children under age 4 are asked, “Where will Ms. X look for the toy?” they are likely to say, “Under the bed,” even though Ms. X could not possibly know the toy was moved to this new location. Source: Based on Wimmer & Perner 1983.
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

16. Table 5.8 Brain-Imaging Theory-of-Mind and Autobiographical-Memory Findings to Wrap your Head Around
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers

17. Figure 5.8 A task measuring theory of mind in adults: In this study, adults are first shown the view of the man on the other side of this construction laden with objects that are sitting on partly occluded and fully open slots. Then they are told “ Follow the director’s instructions.” When this man says, “Move the small ball left,” many people make an egocentric response—moving the smallest golf ball that is only visible to them, rather than the tennis ball that only the director sees! Source: Apperly and others, 2010.
JANET BELSKY
Copyright © 2013, 2011 by Worth Publishers