1. Protestant Reformation
Unit 5
World History
SSWH9

2. Problems in the Catholic Church
By the 16th century, corruption in the Catholic Church led many to begin to question the Church

3. What were the issues? Immorality of church leaders and priests
Popes focused on secular wars and issues
Wealth of the Pope and church leaders
Questions about Church doctrines (indulgences, salvation by good works)

4. Martin Luther Martin Luther was a monk and professor in Germany
He was especially upset by the selling of indulgences for forgiveness of sin.

5. What is an indulgence?
Indulgences = people could pay the Church to get themselves or loved ones out of purgatory

6. Martin Luther
After studying the Bible, he began to believe that salvation was through faith alone, not by good works and faith like the Catholic Church doctrine suggested

7. Stop and Think!
What were the criticisms of the Catholic Church leading up to the Protestant Reformation?
Why do you think these things bothered people?

8. 95 Theses
In 1517, Luther posted his “95 Theses” on the doors of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany
He stated his beliefs that based on scripture salvation came through faith alone
He also criticized the selling of indulgences.

9. Impact of 95 Theses
Martin Luther’s ideas spread quickly and he gathered support from lots of people

10. Why did ideas spread so quickly (as opposed to the past)?
Gutenberg’s printing press!!
Texts could now be copied in a 1-2 days, when it would have taken monks a year to transcribe by hand.
Side note 
We will come back to this later!

11. Impact of 95 Theses The Catholic Church excommunicated Luther in 1521.
He refused to change his ideas, and was made an outlaw according to the Edict of Worms.

12. Impact of 95 Theses
His books were to be burned and he was supposed to be delivered to the Holy Roman Emperor, but he was protected by his local German ruler.

13. Impact of 95 Theses
Martin Luther’s movement continued to gain popularity
Many German princes supported new state churches that held services focused on Bible readings, sermons and song rather than the Catholic Mass.
These first Protestants came to be known as Lutherans.

14. Stop and Think! What were the 95 Theses? What was the Edict of Worms?
How did Martin Luther impact the European world?

15. Another Protestant Reformer – John Calvin
John Calvin fled Catholic France after her converted to Protestantism.
He went to Switzerland where Huldrych Zwingli led a Protestant Reformation that focused on scripture, prayer and sermons instead of the Catholic Mass.

16. John Calvin
Calvin became the leader of the movement after his death and introduced the doctrine of predestination.
In other words, Calvinists believed that God determined in advance who was saved and who wasn’t.

17. Impact of Calvinism
Calvinism spread quickly in many places in Europe.

18. Stop and Think!
How was Calvinism different from Lutheranism?

19. Overall impact of Protestant Reformation
New Protestant faiths and denominations
Decrease in religious unity in Western Europe
Decrease in power of the Catholic Church

20. Johannes Gutenberg and the printing press
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21. How was printing done before Gutenberg?

22. Pre vs. Post printing Press

23. How was printing done before Gutenberg?
Before the invention of the printing press, each page of a book had to be copied by hand by a scribe. This process required a lot of time.
Results:
Books were both rare and extremely expensive
Since few people could afford books, it was difficult for new knowledge to spread

24. Gutenberg’s Press
Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press and the process of “movable type”
Metal letters were arranged on a plate into the words on a page

25. Advantages of the Printing press
This gave printers the ability to create numerous copies of a single page. These pages could then be formed into numerous copies of books.
The work of one year for a scribe could be accomplished by a printing press in no more than two days.

26. This meant that words and ideas could spread much faster than before
The Protestant Reformation benefitted from this

27. Can We Relate To This?
What modern inventions and innovations could the printing press be compared to?

28. Counter-Reformation
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29. Catholic Rules During the Middle Ages
“That the Roman pontiff alone can with right be called universal.”
“That of the Pope alone all princes shall kiss the feet.”
“That his [the Pope’s] name alone shall be spoken in the churches.”
“That it may be permitted to him to depose emperors.”
“That he himself may be judged by no one.”
“That he may absolve subjects from their fealty to wicked men.”

30. If you were living during that time …
How would those rules make you feel?
What would you think about the Pope and the Church?

31. Reason for Reforming the Catholic Church
The Protestant Reformation caused many people to doubt what the Roman Catholic Church had been teaching.
The Counter-Reformation was a Catholic reaction to the ideas of early Protestants.

32. What did the Protestants say?
Protestants spoke out against Papal authority, Catholic Biblical interpretation, and corruption in church leadership.
As we read over some of Luther’s writing imagine what people switching over to the beliefs of the Protestants meant for the Catholic Church. How dangerous were these ideas that Luther and the Protestants were preaching?

33. “The Romanists, with great skill, have built three walls around themselves behind which they have so far avoided any sort of reform; and this has been the cause of terrible corruption throughout all Christendom. First, when pressed by temporal (governmental) authority, they have made decrees and said that the temporal power has no jurisdiction over them since spiritual authority is above the temporal authority. Second, when the attempt is made to correct them from Scriptures, they raise the objection that the interpretation of Scriptures is the right of the Pope alone. Third, if anyone threatens to convene a church council to look into the matter, they answer with the fable that no one can call a church council except the Pope. In this way they have slyly stolen from us our three rods, that they may go unpunished, and have hidden themselves within the safe stronghold of these three walls, that they may practice all the mischievousness and wickedness which we now see.”

34. The Council of Trent This Catholic Council met from 1545 – 1563.
The Council declared that every existing Catholic doctrine and practice was spiritually beneficial.

35. Results from the Council of Trent
Condemned Protestant doctrines.
Reformed Catholic Church leadership, placed firm restrictions on the sale of indulgences, and stricter moral standards for church leaders.
Proclaimed that the Catholic church’s interpretation of the Bible was unquestionable.
Anyone who questioned it was labeled a heretic.
Catholic church tradition was proclaimed to have as much authority as Scripture.

36. Saint Ignatius of Loyola and The Jesuits
Ignatius’ first occupation in life was war. He was a knight, but after being wounded in 1521 he converted to Catholicism.
While he was recovering from his wound he decided he would lead the rest of his life in service to God instead of men.

37. Saint Ignatius and the Jesuits
Eventually Ignatius assembled a group of followers named the “Jesuits.” He was appointed as the group’s first “Superior General.”
The order was characterized by strict spiritual training, tough discipline, and extreme loyalty to the Pope.

38. In the Words of Saint Ignatius
“That we may be altogether of the same mind and in conformity with the Church herself, if she shall have defined anything to be black which appears to our eyes to be white, we ought in like manner to pronounce it to be black. For we must undoubtingly believe, that the Spirit of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Spirit of the Orthodox Church His Spouse, by which Spirit we are governed and directed to Salvation, is the same…”

39. The Impact of the Jesuits
Jesuits often served as personal priests and confessors for princes and kings.
Jesuit “cells” in England hatched plots that came close to deposing Queen Elizabeth.
In France they called for the assassination of Henry III because he was “lukewarm,” and Henry IV because he was protestant.
The evidence of Jesuit efforts is still obvious. The following universities were all established by Jesuit missionaries: Georgetown University, Loyola University, Fordham University, Boston College.

40. The Politics of the Reformations
The Pope’s authority was on the decline across Europe.
Some political rulers took sides not based on their religious beliefs but rather on what would increase their power.

41. The Results of Reformation and Counter-Reformation
The Protestant and the Catholics both clarified what they believed.
By the last half of the 16th century, extreme believers on both sides were trying to convert the other by force.