1. Ch. 1 – Characteristics of Life & Organization of the Human Body

2. What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

3. A. Anatomy- study of the structures of an organism
-Examples of 4 subcategories:

4. 1. Gross anatomy- large, what you can see

5. 2. Microscopic anatomy - tiny
Cytology= study of cells
Histology=
tissues

6. 3. Developmental Anatomy
-structure of an embryo (embryology)

7. 4. Pathological anatomy- diseased structures

8. B. Physiology- study of the functions of an organism

9. Virtually all processes in the body occur in order to maintain Homeostasis
What is Homeostasis?

10. Homeostasis- an organism’s maintenance of a relatively constant internal state within set ranges.
Examples:
Temp.=
~ °F
b.p.=
~ 120/80 mmHg
glucose=
~ mg/dl
Blood pH=
7.4
hydration=
~60% H2O
MANY, MANY more!

11. Homeostatic control mechanisms-
-known as a feedback control loop
-virtually all of the body’s organ systems can be involved
-there are three basic components:
-Sensor (or receptor) – senses a change (the “stimulus”)
-Integrator, (control center) – interpret the change
-Effector – produces response to the change

12. Example:
SENSOR: pressure sensor in the walls of the heart and major arteries senses low blood pressure (stimulus) and sends a signal to the brain.
INTEGRATOR: Medulla oblongata in the brain determines degree in which b.p. must be corrected and send a signal back to the heart.
EFFECTOR: the heart begins to beat faster thereby increasing pressure (response).

13. NEGATIVE feedback loop-
-creates a response that opposes the initial stimulus or change. (reverses the change)
-works to stabilize physiological variables
-are responsible for maintaining homeostasis

14. POSITIVE feedback loop-
-amplifies or reinforces the change that is occurring
CANCER!
-can be harmful or disasterous 
-a few healthy positive feedback mechanisms=
childbirth, bloodclotting, sneeze

15. What are the levels of organization in the human body?
-chemical (subatomic, atomic,
molecules, macromolecules)
-organelles
-cells (differentiated to perform unique functions) 100 Trillion!
-tissues
-organs
-organ system (see below)
-organism (human)

16. 11 Body Systems (see pg. 8-12) Outer Protection: Integumentary (skin)
Skeletal

17. 11 Body Systems (see pg. 8-12)
Support & Movement:
Skeletal
Muscular

18. 11 Body Systems (see pg. 8-12) Nervous Endocrine (glands and hormones)
Communication, Control, and Integration:
Nervous
Endocrine (glands and hormones)

19. 11 Body Systems (see pg. 8-12) Transportation & Defense:
Cardiovascular (circulatory)
Lymphatic (immune)

20. 11 Body Systems (see pg. 8-12)
Processing, Regulation, and Maintenance:
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary (excretory)

21. 11 Body Systems (see pg. 8-12)
Reproduction:
Reproductive