1. Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cells Organelles Macromolecules
Structure Levels
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cells
Organelles
Macromolecules
Levels we will focus on this year
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Reproductive
Digestive
Lymphatic
Skeletal
Nervous
Endocrine
Muscular
Integumentary
Urinary

2. Characteristics of Life
How do these match with:
Metabolism
Excretion
Response
Respiration
Reproduction
“ME + 3Rs”

3. Survival Needs
Appropriate amounts of the following are needed to sustain life:
Nutrients-contain chemical substances for energy and cell building
Oxygen-needed for the chemical reaction to make energy
Water-provides medium for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions
Environmental Temperature-metabolism will decrease in cold temps, while hot temps denature enzymes
Atmospheric Pressure-breathing depends on appropriate pressures

4. Homeostasis
• The ability to maintain a relatively stable and balanced internal environment- with respect to changes in both internal and external environments.
True homeostasis occurs when all ‘survival needs’ are met in a perfect range.
When a survival need is “out of balance” your body will make modifications.

5. Homeostasis Feedback Mechanisms: Negative Feedback (common)
Shuts off or reduces the intensity of the original stimulus.
Examples: body temperature, withdrawal reflex, blood glucose levels
Positive Feedback (rare)
Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Examples: blood clotting, labor contractions

6. Studying Physiology
Anatomy-the study of shape and structure of living organisms
Macroscopic anatomy- the study of structures with the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy- the study of structures with a microscope
Physiology-the study of the functions of living organisms
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
Much of this class will focus on the relationship between structure and function.

7. Structure/Function Relationships
What are some structure/function relationships that might be important in comparing bipedal humans with knuckle walking apes?

8. Structure/Function Relationships
What are some structure/function relationships that might be important in comparing tooth structure in carnivores, herbivores and omnivores?

9. Anatomy – Body Cavities
Cranial
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
What organs/organ systems are found in each cavity?

10. Anatomy – Organ Systems
Need to know:
All (11) systems
Primary function for each
Location by body cavity
(1) organ for each
Example of structure/ function relationship

11. Anatomy – Directional Terms
Directions:
Inferior/Superior
Anterior/Posterior
Proximal/Distal
Dorsal/Ventral
Lateral/Medial
Superficial/Deep
All pairs are opposite directions

12. Anatomy – Anatomical Planes
Sagittal (median)
Coronal (frontal)
Transverse (horizontal)