1. Lecture 1.0 – Anatomical terms and nomenclature Genalin Lagman Taguiam Summer 2013-2014

2. Course Outcomes
On completion of the week’s activity, the students should be able to
define anatomy and physiology
describe the organization of the human body
describe the anatomical position of the body;
distinguish between the following terms:
- anterior and posterior
- superior and inferior
- medial and lateral
- proximal and distal
- superficial and deep
- visceral and parietal

3. Course Outcomes - sagittal describe the following planes of the body:
- transverse
- frontal
identify the dorsal and ventral body cavities;
locate the nine abdominal regions.

4. Anatomy
Study of structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another

5. Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function

6. Levels of Structural Organization

7. Systems of the Human Body
Integumentary System
composed of skin and structures derived from it (hair, nails, sweat and oil glands)
Muscular System
composed of skeletal muscles
Integumentary system
**protects the body
**regulates body temperature
**detects sensations
**eliminates some wastes
Called skeletal muscles because they are attached to bones
**produces body movements
**generates heat

8. Systems of the Human Body
Skeletal System
Bones, joints in the body and associated cartilages
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special senses

9. Systems of the Human Body
Endocrine system
Hormone-producing glands
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes
Circulatory system
Cardiovascular system
Heart, blood, blood vessels

10. Systems of the Human Body
Lymphatic system and Immunity
Lymphatic fluid and vessels
Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils
Respiratory System
Lungs and air passages such as the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes

11. Systems of the Human Body
Digestive system
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus
Accessory organs like salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Urinary system
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

12. Systems of the Human Body
Reproductive system
Gonads
Testes in male
Ovaries in female
Associated organs
Female
Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
Male
Epididymis, ductus deferens, penis

13. Anatomical Terms & Nomenclature
Anatomical position
body is erect,
facing forward,
feet together,
arms at sides,
palms forward
If the body is lying face down, it is in prone position
If the body is lying face up, it is in supine position

14. Directional Terms: To locate various parts of the body relative to one another
Superior (Cranial)
Towards the head end
upper part of a structure or of the body
Above
Inferior (Caudal)
Away from the head end
toward the lower part of a structure or of the body
Below

15. Directional Terms Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal)
Towards the front or at the front of the body
In front of
Posterior (Dorsal)
Towards the back or at the back of the body
Behind

16. Directional Terms Medial Lateral Toward or at the midline of the body
On the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
On the outer side of

17. Directional Terms Proximal Distal Close to the origin of the body part
Close to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part
Farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

18. Directional Terms Superficial Deep Toward or at the body surface
Away from the body surface
More internal

19. MEDIAN PLANE divides the body or an organ into right and left sides;
The body or its organs may be cut along planes, or imaginary lines, to produce different types of sections
MEDIAN PLANE
divides the body or an organ into right and left sides;
vertical plane
midsagittal plane

20. FRONTAL
divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions;
coronal plane
TRANSVERSE
divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions;
cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane

21. Regional names of the body

22. Regional names of the body

23. The body contains two major closed cavities:
dorsal cavity is subdivided into:
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
ventral cavity is subdivided into:
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity

24. Dorsal Cavity Cranial cavity
formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain

25. Dorsal cavity Spinal Cavity or Vertebral cavity
Formed by the vertebral columns and contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

26. Ventral Cavity
the walls of the ventral cavity and the surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with thin membranes, the parietal and visceral serosae, respectively.
visceral
toward an internal structure
covers an internal organ
parietal
away from external structures
attached to the wall of the cavity

27. Ventral Cavity Thoracic Cavity houses the heart and lungs
contains the:
Pleural cavity
each surround a lung
Pericardial Cavity
surrounds the heart
Mediastinum
central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs

28. Abdominopelvic cavity
RUQ – liver, duodenum, pylorus, right kidney, hepatic flexure, portions of ascending and transverse colon
LUQ – tip the medial liver lobe, spleen, stomach, left kidney, pancreas, spleenic flexure, and parts of transverse and descending colon
RLQ- appendix, cecum, ascending colon, bladder, right ovary, uterus is enlarged, right spermatic cord, right ureter
LLQ – sigmoid colon, descending colon, bladder, left ovary, uterus, left spermatic cord, and left ureter

29. Abdominopelvic cavity

31. References
Marieb, E.N. (2003). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology (7th Ed.). San Francisco, Pearson.
Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B. (2006). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (11th Ed). New Jersey, Wiley.