1. How to Use This Presentation
To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects
select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.”
To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar.
From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource.
From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation.
You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Image and Activity Bank Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Image and Activity Bank
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 7 Table of Contents Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Aquatic Ecosystems
Table of Contents
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems

4. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Objectives
Describe the factors that determine where an organism lives in an aquatic ecosystem.
Describe the littoral zone and the benthic zone that make up a lake or pond.
Describe two environmental functions of wetlands.
Describe one threat against river ecosystems.

5. Freshwater Ecosystems
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Freshwater Ecosystems
The types of organisms in an aquatic ecosystem are mainly determined by the water’s salinity. As a result, aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine ecosystems.
Freshwater ecosystems include ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands.
Wetlands are areas of land that are periodically under water or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture.

6. Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems
Factors such as temperature, sunlight, oxygen, and nutrients determine which organisms live in which area of the water.
Aquatic ecosystems contains several types of organisms that are grouped by their location and by their adaptation.
Three groups of aquatic organisms include plankton, nekton, and benthos.

7. Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems
Plankton are the mass of mostly microscopic organisms that float or drift freely in the water, and can be microscopic animals called zooplankton or microscopic plants called phytoplankton.
Nekton are all organisms that swim actively in open water, independent of currents.
Benthos are bottom-dwelling organisms of the sea or ocean and are often attached to hard surfaces.
Decomposers are also aquatic organisms.

8. Chapter 7 Lakes and Ponds
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Lakes and Ponds
Lakes, ponds, and wetlands can form naturally where groundwater reaches the Earth’s surface.
Humans intentionally create artificial lakes by damming flowing rivers and streams to use them for power, irrigation, water storage, and recreation.
Lakes and ponds can be structured into horizontal and vertical zones. The types of organisms present depend on the amount of sunlight available.

9. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Life in a Lake
The littoral zone is a shallow zone in a freshwater habitat where light reaches the bottom and nurtures plants and aquatic life is diverse and abundant.
Some plants hare rooted in the mud underwater with their upper leaves and stems above water. Other plants have floating leaves.
In open water, plants, algae, and some bacteria capture solar energy to make their own food during photosynthesis.

10. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Life in a Lake
Some bodies of fresh water have areas so deep that there is too little light for photosynthesis.
Bacteria live in the deep areas of freshwater. Fish adapted to cooler, darker water also live there.
Eventually, dead and decaying organisms reach the benthic zone.
The benthic zone is the region near the bottom of a pond, lake or ocean which is inhabited by decomposers, insect larvae, and clams.

11. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Life in a Lake
Animals that live in lakes and ponds have adaptations that help them obtain what they need to survive.
For example, water beetles use the hairs under their bodies to trap surface air so that they can breathe during their dives for food.
And, in regions where lakes partially freeze in the winter, amphibians burrow into the littoral mud to avoid freezing temperatures.

12. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
A Lake Ecosystem

13. How Nutrients Affect Lakes
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
How Nutrients Affect Lakes
Eutrophication is an increase in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrates, in an aquatic ecosystem.
As the amount of plants and algae grow, the number of bacteria feeding on the decaying organisms also grows.
These bacteria use the oxygen dissolved in the lake’s waters. Eventually the reduced amount of oxygen kills oxygen loving organisms.

14. How Nutrients Affect Lakes
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
How Nutrients Affect Lakes
A lake that has large amounts of plant growth due to nutrients is known as a eutrophic lake.
Lakes naturally become eutrophic over a long period of time.
However, eutrophication can be accelerated by runoff, such as rain, that can carry sewage, fertilizers, or animal wastes from land into bodies of water.

15. Chapter 7 Freshwater Wetlands
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Freshwater Wetlands
Freshwater wetlands are areas of land that are covered with fresh water for part of the year.
The two main types of freshwater wetlands are marshes and swamps. Marshes contain nonwoody plants, while swamps are dominated by woody plants.
Most freshwater wetlands are located in the southeastern United States, with the largest in the Florida Everglades.

16. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Freshwater Wetlands

17. Chapter 7 Freshwater Wetlands
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Freshwater Wetlands
Wetlands perform several important environmental functions.
Wetlands act like filters or sponges that absorb and remove pollutants from the water. They also control flooding by absorbing extra water when rivers overflow.
These areas provide a home for native and migratory wildlife in addition to feeding and spawning for many freshwater game fish.

18. Environmental Functions of Wetlands
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Environmental Functions of Wetlands

19. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Marshes
Freshwater marshes tend to occur on low, flat lands and have little water movement.
In shallow waters, plants root themselves in the rich bottom sediments while their leaves stick out about the surface of the water year-round.
There are several kinds of marshes, each of which is characterized by its salinity. Brackish marshes have slightly salty water, while salt marshes contain saltier water.

20. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Marshes
The benthic zones of marshes are nutrient rich and contain plants, numerous types of decomposers, and scavengers.
Water fowl, such as ducks, have flat beaks adapted for sifting through the water for fish and insects. While water birds, such as herons, have spearlike beaks they use to grasp small fish and probe for frogs in the mud.
Marshes also attract migratory birds from temperate and tropical habitats.

21. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Swamps
Swamps occur on flat, poorly drained land, often near streams and are dominated by woody shrubs or water loving trees.
Freshwater swamps are the ideal habitat for amphibians because of the continuous moisture. Birds are also attracted to hollow trees near or over the water.
Reptiles are the predators of the swamp, eating almost any organism that crosses their path.

22. Human Impact on Wetlands
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Human Impact on Wetlands
Wetlands were previously considered to be wastelands that provide breeding grounds for insects.
As a result, many have been drained, filled, and cleared for farms or residential and commercial development.
The importance of wetlands is now recognized, as the law and the federal government protect many wetlands while most states now prohibit the destruction of certain wetlands.

23. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Rivers
At its headwaters, a river is usually cold and full of oxygen and runs swiftly through a shallow riverbed.
As a river flows down a mountain, it may broaden, become warmer, wider, slower, and decrease in oxygen.
A river changes with the land and the climate through which it flows.

24. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Life in a River
In and near the headwater, mosses anchor themselves to rocks by using rootlike structures called rhizoids. Trout and minnows are adapted to the cold, oxygen rich water.
Farther downstream, plankton can float in the warmer, calmer waters. Plants here can set roots in the river’s rich sediment, and the plant’s leaves vary in shape according to the strength of the river’s current. Fish such as catfish and carp also live in these calmer waters.

25. Chapter 7 Rivers in Danger
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Rivers in Danger
Industries use river water in manufacturing processes and as receptacles for wastes. In addition, people have used rivers to dispose of their sewage and garbage.
These practices have polluted rivers with toxins, which have killed river organisms and made river fish inedible.
Today, runoff from the land puts pesticides and other poisons into rivers and coats riverbeds with toxic sediments.

26. Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Objectives
Explain why an estuary is a very productive ecosystem.
Compare salt marshes and mangrove swamps.
Describe two threats to coral reefs.
Describe two threats to ocean organisms.

27. Chapter 7 Marine Ecosystems
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Marine Ecosystems
Marine ecosystems are located mainly in coastal areas and in the open ocean.
Organisms that live in coastal areas adapt to changes in water level and salinity.
Organisms that live in the open ocean adapt to changes in temperature and the amount of sunlight and nutrients available.

28. Chapter 7 Coastal Wetlands
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Coastal Wetlands
Coastal land areas that are covered by salt water for all or part of the time are known as coastal wetlands.
Coastal wetlands provide habitat and nesting areas for many fish and wildlife.
They also absorb excess rain, which protects them from flooding, they filter out pollutants and sediments, and they proved recreational areas for boating, fishing, and hunting.

29. Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Estuaries
An estuary is an area where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean.
As the two bodies meet, currents form and cause mineral rich mud with many nutrients to fall to the bottom making in available to producers.
Estuaries are very productive because they constantly receive nutrients from the river and ocean while the surrounding land protects the estuaries from the harsh force of ocean waves.

30. Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Estuaries

31. Plants and Animals of Estuaries
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Plants and Animals of Estuaries
Estuaries support many marine organisms because they receive plenty of light for photosynthesis and plenty of nutrients for plants and animals.
The light and nutrients support large populations of rooted plants as well as plankton. Plankton in turn provide food for fish, which can then be eaten by larger animals such as dolphins.
Oysters and clams live anchored to rocks and feed by filtering plankton from the water.

32. Plants and Animals of Estuaries
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Plants and Animals of Estuaries
Organisms that live in estuaries are able to tolerate variations in salinity because the salt content of the water varies as fresh water and sat water mix when tides go in and out.
Estuaries also proved protected harbors, access to the ocean, and connection to rivers. As a result, many of the largest ports have been built on estuaries.
Six of the ten largest urban areas, including New York have been built on estuaries.

33. Chapter 7 Threats to Estuaries
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Threats to Estuaries
Estuaries that exist in populated areas were often used as places to dump waste. Estuaries filled with waste could then be used as building sites.
The pollutants that damage estuaries include sewage, pesticides, fertilizers, and toxic chemicals.
Most of these pollutants break down over time, but estuaries cannot cope with the amounts produced by dense human populations.

34. Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Salt Marshes
Salt marshes are maritime habitats characterized by grasses, sedges, and other plants that have adapted to continual, periodic flooding and are found primarily throughout the temperate and subarctic regions.
The salt marsh supports a community of clams, fish, aquatic birds, crabs, and shrimp.
Salt marshes, like other wetlands, also absorb pollutants to help protect inland areas.

35. Chapter 7 Mangrove Swamps
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Mangrove Swamps
Mangrove swamps are tropical or subtropical marine swamps that are characterized by the abundance of low to tall mangrove trees.
The swamps help protect the coastline from erosion and reduce the damage from storms. They also provide a home for about 2,000 animal species.
Mangrove swamps have been filled with waste and destroyed in many parts of the world.

36. Chapter 7 Rocky and Sandy Shores
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Rocky and Sandy Shores
Rocky shores have many more plants and animals than sandy shores do because the rocks provide anchorage for seaweed that animals can live on.
Sandy shores dry out when the tide goes out, and many organisms that live between sand grains eat the plankton left stranded on the sand.
A Barrier island is a long ridge of sand or narrow island that lies parallel to the shore and helps protect the mainland.

37. Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are limestone ridges found in tropical climates and composed of coral fragments that are deposited around organic remains.
Thousands of species of plants and animals live in the cracks and crevices of coral reefs, which makes coral reefs among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth.
Corals are predators that use stinging tentacles to capture small animals, such as zooplankton, that float or swim close to the reef.

38. Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Coral Reefs
Corals live only in clear, warm salt water where there is enough light for photosynthesis.

39. Disappearing Coral Reefs
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Disappearing Coral Reefs
Coral reefs are productive ecosystems, but they are also very fragile.
If the water surrounding a reef is too hot or too cold, or if fresh water drains into the water surrounding the coral, the coral may die.
If the water is too muddy, polluted, or too high in nutrients, the algae that live within the corals will either die or grow out control. If the algae grows out of control, it may kill the corals.

40. Disappearing Coral Reefs
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Disappearing Coral Reefs
Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, and silt runoff have also been linked to coral-reef destruction.
Overfishing can devastate fish populations, upsetting the balance of the reef’s ecosystem.
A coral reef grows very slowly, and it may not be able to repair itself after chunks of coral are destroyed by careless divers, ships dropping anchor, fisheries, shipwrecks, and people breaking off pieces for decorative items or building materials.

41. Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Oceans
Because water absorbs light, sunlight that is usable by plants for photosynthesis penetrates only about 100 m into the ocean.
As a result, much of the ocean’s life is concentrated in the shallow coastal waters where sunlight penetrates to the bottom and rivers wash nutrients from the land.
Seaweed and algae grow anchored to rocks, and phytoplankton drift on the surface. Invertebrates and fish then feed on these plants.

42. Plants and Animals of Oceans
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Plants and Animals of Oceans
In the open ocean, phytoplankton grow only in areas where there is enough light and nutrients, resulting in one of the least productive of all ecosystems.
The sea’s smallest herbivores are zooplankton, including jellyfish and tiny shrimp,which live near the surface with the phytoplankton they eat.
Fish feed on the plankton as do marine mammals such as whales.

43. Plants and Animals of Oceans
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Plants and Animals of Oceans
The depths of the ocean are very dark, so most food at the ocean floor consists of dead organisms that fall from the surface.
Decomposers, filter feeders, and the organisms that eat them live in the deep areas of the ocean.
Overall, the types of organisms that may be found in the layers of the ocean at various depths is dependent on available sunlight.

44. Plants and Animals of Oceans
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Plants and Animals of Oceans

45. Chapter 7 Threats to the Oceans
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Threats to the Oceans
The oceans are steadily becoming more polluted. Runoff from fertilized fields and industrial waste and sewage being discharged into rivers are major sources of ocean pollution.
Overfishing and certain fishing methods are also destroying some fish populations. Marine mammals can get caught and drown in the nets.
Although it is illegal, some ships discard fishing lines into the ocean where they can strangle and kill fish and seals.

46. Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems
The arctic ecosystems at the North and South Poles depend on marine ecosystems because nearly all the food comes from the ocean.
The Arctic Ocean is rich in nutrients from the surrounding landmasses and supports large populations of plankton, which feed a diversity of fish in the open water and under the ice.
These fish are food for ocean birds, whales and seals. Fish and seals then provide food for polar bears and people on land.

47. Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Arctic and Antarctic Ecosystems
The Antarctic is the only continent never colonized by humans. It is governed by an international commission and is used mainly for research.
Even during the summer, only a few plants grow at the edges of the continent.
So, as in the Arctic, plankton form the basis of the Antarctic food web, nourishing large numbers of fish, whales, and birds such as penguins.

48. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Bellringer

49. Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Life Zones in a Lake

50. Freshwater Wetlands in the United States
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Freshwater Wetlands in the United States

51. Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Bellringer

52. The Formation of Estuaries
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
The Formation of Estuaries

53. Chapter 7 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Organisms living in coastal areas must adapt to what changes?
A. water level and degree of salinity
B. water level and amount of sunlight
C. temperature and availability of oxygen
D. temperature and availability of nutrients

54. Chapter 7 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Organisms living in coastal areas must adapt to what changes?
A. water level and degree of salinity
B. water level and amount of sunlight
C. temperature and availability of oxygen
D. temperature and availability of nutrients

55. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, and silt runoff have been linked to the widespread destruction of what kind of marine ecosystem?
F. coastal wetlands
G. coral reefs
H. mangrove swamps
I. salt marshes

56. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Oil spills, sewage, pesticides, and silt runoff have been linked to the widespread destruction of what kind of marine ecosystem?
F. coastal wetlands
G. coral reefs
H. mangrove swamps
I. salt marshes

57. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following correctly lists types of organisms in aquatic ecosystems from shallowest to deepest?
A. plankton, nekton, benthos
B. plankton, benthos, nekton
C. benthos, plankton, nekton
D. benthos, nekton, plankton

58. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following correctly lists types of organisms in aquatic ecosystems from shallowest to deepest?
A. plankton, nekton, benthos
B. plankton, benthos, nekton
C. benthos, plankton, nekton
D. benthos, nekton, plankton

59. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the difference between swamps and marshes?
F. Marshes attract birds, swamps attract amphibians.
G. Marshes are freshwater, swamps are saltwater.
H. Marshes contain non-woody plants, swamps contain woody plants.
I. Marshes are mostly in the southeast U.S., swamps in the northeast U.S.

60. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the difference between swamps and marshes?
F. Marshes attract birds, swamps attract amphibians.
G. Marshes are freshwater, swamps are saltwater.
H. Marshes contain non-woody plants, swamps contain woody plants.
I. Marshes are mostly in the southeast U.S., swamps in the northeast U.S.

61. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which of the following would be considered among the most productive of ecosystems?
A. barrier island
B. estuary
C. river
D. salt marsh

62. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which of the following would be considered among the most productive of ecosystems?
A. barrier island
B. estuary
C. river
D. salt marsh

63. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use this map to answer questions 6 through 8.

64. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. If a water sample contains mayfly nymphs, what can you conclude about the water quality of the area where the sample was taken?
F. The area has generally poor water quality.
G. The area has generally good water quality.
H. The water quality cannot be determined from such a sample.
I. The water in the area has been chemically treated for pollutants.

65. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. If a water sample contains mayfly nymphs, what can you conclude about the water quality of the area where the sample was taken?
F. The area has generally poor water quality.
G. The area has generally good water quality.
H. The water quality cannot be determined from such a sample.
I. The water in the area has been chemically treated for pollutants.

66. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. What group of organisms could be seen only in a sample taken from unpolluted waters?
A. leeches and caddisfly larvae
B. leeches and dragonfly nymphs
C. leeches and midge larvae
D. leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae

67. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. What group of organisms could be seen only in a sample taken from unpolluted waters?
A. leeches and caddisfly larvae
B. leeches and dragonfly nymphs
C. leeches and midge larvae
D. leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae

68. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. Water Sample A contains only leeches. Water Sample B contains leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae. What comparison can be made between Samples A and B?
F. Both samples A and B have the same water quality.
G. Both samples came from the same water source.
H. Sample A has relatively poorer water quality than sample B.
I. Sample B has relatively poorer water quality than sample A.

69. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 7
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. Water Sample A contains only leeches. Water Sample B contains leeches and predacious diving beetle larvae. What comparison can be made between Samples A and B?
F. Both samples A and B have the same water quality.
G. Both samples came from the same water source.
H. Sample A has relatively poorer water quality than sample B.
I. Sample B has relatively poorer water quality than sample A.

70. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Image and Activity Bank

71. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Image and Activity Bank

72. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Image and Activity Bank

73. Image and Activity Bank
Section 1 Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter 7
Image and Activity Bank

74. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Image and Activity Bank

75. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Image and Activity Bank

76. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Image and Activity Bank

77. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Image and Activity Bank

78. Image and Activity Bank
Chapter 7
Section 2 Marine Ecosystems
Image and Activity Bank