1. The state of the art: dataset and geography.
Urban Audit Italy.
The state of the art: dataset and geography.
Livia Fay Lucianetti
Alessandra Ferrara
Gianluigi Salvucci
Brussels,10/05/2017

2. Summary Update on variables New and revised data Metadata
Proposals for new statistical information
New geography
Differences in OECD and EC definitions

3. 1. Update on variables
Italy’s Urban Audit database is undergoing several changes.
In particular, the data has been revised and integrated.
Ways of enhancing the data supply have been explored.
This has led to the provision of new data and of existing data that has been organized, validated and integrated with metadata specifically for the Urban Audit dataset.
Current activities:
Reviewing the data disseminated on the Urban Audit online database and filling informative gaps (providing missing years in variables time series; introducing new variables; revising time series)
The data will be organized according to the revised Urban Audit universe for Italy (new city list/new FUAs)
2015 updates (demography variables; culture and tourism variables; travel patterns variables)
We are also planning to provide the variables on the population revised with the inter-census population (years 2006 to 2011) by the end of the Grant and, more in general, to provide the data of the past years for the entire UA universe.

4. Variables ready for being updated 77
Tab. 1 Variables update
Tot n. of variables
Variables ready for being updated 77
Variables that cannot be updated 63
Forthcoming information 1
Under assessment 10

5. 2. New and revised data Label
currently available on the on the online UA database (city level)
NEW/REVISED DATA FOR CITIES
currently available on the online UA database (FUA level)
NEW/REVISED DATA FOR FUA and KERNEL
Population on the 1st of January - age classes
2008,
2015
Population on the 1st of January, female, male, total
EU foreigners
2011
Foreigners
Nationals
Non-EU foreigners
Infant Mortality per year
2007 e 2010 na
Number of deaths per year under 65 due to diseases of the circulatory or respiratory systems
2007
Number of live births per year
Total deaths per year
Total deaths per year, female
Total deaths per year, male
Total deaths under 65 per year, female, male, total

6. currently available on the on the online UA database (city level)
Label
currently available on the on the online UA database (city level)
NEW/REVISED DATA FOR CITIES
currently available on the online UA database (FUA level)
NEW/REVISED DATA FOR FUA and KERNEL
Number of murders and violent deaths
2008
2014 na
All companies
Var. not present at FUA level
Var. not present FUA level
Number of local units (all economic activities)
variables not present at FUA level
variables not present FUA level
Empl. (jobs) in construction (NACE Rev. 2: F)
2011
Empl. (jobs) in financial and insurance activities (NACE Rev. 2: K)
Empl. (jobs) in information and communication (NACE Rev. 2: J)
Empl. (jobs) in mining, manufacturing, energy (NACE Rev. 2: B-E)
Empl. (jobs) in professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities (NACE Rev. 2: M and N)
Empl. (jobs) in real estate activities (NACE Rev. 2: L)
Empl. (jobs) in trade, transport, hotels, restaurants (NACE Rev. 2: G to I)

7. Label
currently available on the on the online UA database (city level)
NEW/REVISED DATA FOR CITIES
currently available on the online UA database (FUA level)
NEW/REVISED DATA FOR FUA and KERNEL
Students in higher education (ISCED level 5-8), female
2008 e 2011
2014
Var. not present at FUA level na
Students in higher education (ISCED level 5-8), male
variable not present in the dataset at FUA level
Students in higher education (ISCED level 5-8), total
Share of population connected to potable drinking water system
available-ongoing estim.
under assessment
Share of population connected to sewerage treatment system
Share of the urban waste water load (in pop equivalents) treated according to the applicable standard
2008
2008 & 2010
Total use of water
2008, 2012, 2015

8. Label
currently available on the on the online UA database (city level)
NEW/REVISED DATA FOR CITIES
currently available on the online UA database (FUA level)
NEW/REVISED DATA FOR FUA and KERNEL
Municipal waste generated (domestic and commercial), total
Var. not present at FUA level
Length of bicycle network (dedicated cycle paths and lanes)
2008
for NUTS 3 capitals na
Number of deaths in road accidents
Number of private cars registered
People commuting into the city
2011
2011 r
Not required
People commuting out of the city
Other variables on commuting patterns (“share of…”, “average time..”)
under assessment
Number of museum visitors (per year)
2006
2011 & 2015
variable not present in the dataset at FUA level
Number of bed-places in tourist accommodation establishments
2008 e 2009
Total nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments
forthcoming

9. 3. Metadata
The metadata is being organised in a new metadata file containing variables’ domain, code, label, unit, source, references, deviations from definitions, notes.
Examples
Total use of water: only water for domestic user can be provided
Students enrolled in ISCED 5-8 courses: Data is provided by Italy’s Ministry of universities and research. The n. of students of foreign universities is not included because it is not available. In order to provide data on students that is study-place based, the address of the premises where the courses take place was considered and the students of campuses situated in another city were not counted. Students of online courses are not included.
Number of private cars registered: Italy’s total differs from the sum of the cars registered in all Italian municipalities because it includes a number of cars belonging to those who are not resident on the national territory and a number of cars that was not possible to attribute to a specific territory.
N. of museum visitors: With regards to data available for year 2011, it is necessary to consider that:
a. The values refer to museum visits and not to individual visitors.
b. the values in some cases are observed and in others they are estimates
Data available for year 2015 is not comparable to that of 2011 because the units of analysis (museums) are changed and because the survey process has undergone various changes.

10. 4. Proposals for new statistical information
At ISTAT there is currently data available for calculating FUAs on variables such as all companies and local units, n. museum visitors, n. bed places in tourist accommodation establishments, municipal waste generated. If Eurostat and other MS are interested we could consider introducing new FUA layers for this information in future projects (grants).
Other data available is that on different types of vehicles at LAU2 level. It would be interesting to discuss the introduction of new information on motorbikes, trucks, buses, total vehicles etc. as their presence heavily impacts the city environment and quality of life.

11. 5. New geography
Italy’s Urban Audit universe has also undergone important changes. The city list was revised according to the criteria presented in the Methodological Manual 2017, ensuring that all LAUs that have code 1 in the degree of urbanisation classification are on the city list as cities or part of Greater cities. Cities and their FUAs were redefined according to the 2011 population grid and to the commuting flows based on the 2011 population census.
n. of cities
n. of Greater cities
n. of FUAs
Pre-update 76 2 74
Post-update 92 84

12. 6. Differences in OECD and EC definitions
However, we would like to submit to your attention the fact that there seem to be some differences in the EC city definition (presented in “Cities in Europe. The new OECD-EC definition” RF 01/2012 and in the various editions of the Methodological Manual on city statistics) and the OECD definition presented in the OECD document “Definition of Functional Urban Areas (FUA) for the OECD metropolitan database. September 2013”.

13. The EC city definition
Istat made the new revisions of the city and FUA list on the basis of the EC definition, that is structured in the four steps:
Step 1: All grid cells with a density of more than inhabitants per sq. km are selected.
Step 2: The contiguous high-density cells are then clustered, gaps are filled and only the clusters with a minimum population of inhabitants are kept as an 'urban centre'.
Step 3: All the municipalities (local administrative unit level 2 - LAU2) with at least half their population inside the urban centre are selected as candidates to become part of the city.
Step 4: The city is defined ensuring that:
1) there is a link to the political level
→ political link condition
2) that at least 50% of the city population lives in an urban centre
→ tot. pop. in HDC cells>= 50% tot. LAU2 pop (“first” selection condition of the EU Commission definition)
3) that at least 75% of the population of the urban centre lives in a city
→ tot LAU2 pop. Living in HDC cells >= 75% tot. pop. in HDC cells (“second” selection condition of the EU Commission definition)
Source: European Commission (2012) Cities in Europe. The new OECD-EC definition, RF 01/2012, pp. 2-3

14. The OECD city definition
The definition contained in the OECD “Definition of Functional Urban Areas (FUA) for the OECD metropolitan database. September 2013”, p.4, does not contain a reference to the “second” condition of the European Commission definition nor to the political link condition.
If we create FUAs using the two definitions, we have some differences in the FUA’s composition and form.
Source: OECD (2013) “Definition of Functional Urban Areas (FUA) for the OECD metropolitan database. September 2013”.

15. The definition of Functional Urban Areas for the EC and the OECD
Some case studies: PADOVA
Source: Istat (2017) Forme, livelli e dinamiche dell’urbanizzazione in Italia, p. 85

16. How to delimit the urban centre
Some case studies: PADOVA
The HDC polygon goes beyond the the LAU2 boundaries of Padova.

17. The Functional Urban Areas defined around the two urban centres/core cities is different
EUROSTAT
OECD

18. Differences between the final EC and Oecd dataset
Small differences?
Although the datasets are similar in numbers, their geographic bases are very different
The 2 datasets differ geographically for:
20,8% of LAU2 number 18,9% of Area 9,2% of Population

19. Harmonised Methodology - Critical points
Some case study : NAPLES High Density Cluster
Naples’ High Density Cluster
From a Morphological Urban Area……..

20. How to delimit Functional Urban Areas
Some case studies : NAPLES’ CORE and FUA indicators for the OECD and EUROSTAT

21. How to delimit Functional Urban Areas
Some case studies: Naples’ FUA for Eurostat
No LAU2 reaches the 75% of HDC population threshold
Eurostat selects the hierarchically higher administrative unit as Urban Centre (Naples’ NUTS3)….
… and selects, in its surrounding area, the LAU2s to be included in the FUA (TTW flows to Naples’ NUTS3) (commuting zone)
The FUA covers an area aligned along the W-E axis (instead of the NW-SE axis of the Urban Cluster) including also a portion of the Avellino NUTS3
Napoli LAU2
Naples’ Greater City (NUTS3)
Eurostat – Naples’ FUA

22. How to delimit Functional Urban Areas
Some case studies: Naples’ FUA for the OECD
OECD selects as Urban Core all LAU2s where at least 50% of the population lives whithin the HDC …..
… and selects around this morphological area the LAU2s to be included in the FUA (TTW flows to the Urban Core) (commuting zone)
The FUA covers an area aligned along the NW-SE axis of the Urban Cluster
Part of the NUT3 administrative unit is excluded.
Napoli LAU2
Naples’ Urban Core
Oecd – Naples’ FUA

23. Some case studies: Turin’s FUA for Eurostat
Some case studies: Turin’s FUA for the OECD

24. References
Ferrara A. and Salvucci G. (2017) «Confini amministrativi, morfologie insediative e spazi delle relazioni: intersezioni che disegnano le nostre città», in Istat (2017) Forme, livelli e dinamiche dell’urbanizzazione in Italia
European Commission (2012) Cities in Europe. The new OECD-EC definition, Regional Focus 01/2012
OECD (2013) Definition of Functional Urban Areas (FUA) for the OECD metropolitan database. September 2013

25. Thank you for your attention