1. Perspectives with PANDA
The new accelerator complex of GSI
The antiproton’s activity
The PANDA scientific program
Paola Gianotti
LNF

2. FAIR: the GSI future facility
UNILAC
SIS
FRS
ESR
SIS 100/300
HESR
Super
NESR CR +
RESR
p Target
FLAIR
PANDA
CBM PP
Atomic
Physics
FAIR
Facility for Antiproton
and Ion Research
Primary Beams
1012/s; 1.5 GeV/u; 238U28+
Factor present in intensity
2(4)x1013/s 30 GeV protons
1010/s 238U73+ up to 25 (- 35) GeV/u
Secondary Beams
Broad range of radioactive beams up to GeV/u; up to factor in
intensity over present
Antiprotons 3 (0) - 30 GeV
Storage and Cooler Rings
Radioactive beams
e – A collider
1011 stored and cooled GeV antiprotons
Cooled beams
Rapidly cycling superconducting magnets
Key Technical Features

3. Summary of Research Areas at the GSI Future Facility
Structure and Dynamics of Nuclei - Radioactive Beams
Nucleonic matter
Nuclear astrophysics
Fundamental symmetries
Hadron Structure and Quark-Gluon Dynamics - Antiprotons
Non-pertubative QCD
Quark-gluon degrees of freedom
Confinement and chiral symmetry
Hypernuclear physics
Nuclear Matter and the Quark-Gluon Plasma - Relativistic HI - Beams
Nuclear phase diagram
Compressed nuclear/strange matter
Deconfinement and chiral symmetry
Physics of Dense Plasmas and Bulk Matter - Bunch Compression
Properties of high density plasmas
Phase transitions and equation of state
Laser - ion interaction with and in plasmas
SIS 18
Heating
Ion Beam
Jupiter
Sun Surface
Magnetic Fusion
density
solid state
Temperature [eV]
Density [cm-3]
Laser
PHELIX
Ideal plasmas
Strongly coupled
plasmas
Sun Core
Cofinement
Inertial
Fusion
Ultra High EM-Fields and Applications - Ions & Petawatt Laser
QED and critical fields
Ion - laser interaction
Ion - matter interaction

4. HESR - High Energy Storage Ring
Production rate 2x107/sec
Pbeam = GeV/c
Nstored = 5x1010 p
Internal Target _
High luminosity mode
High resolution mode
Lumin. = 2 x 1032 cm-2 s-1
dp/p ~ 10-4 (stochastic cooling)
dp/p ~ 10-5 (electron cooling)
Lumin. = 1031 cm-2 s-1

5. PANDA Antiproton Physics Program
Charmonium ( cc ) spectroscopy: precision measurements of mass,
width, decay branches of all charmonium states, especially for
extracting information on the quark confinement.
Search for gluonic excitations (charmed hybrids, glueballs)
in the charmonium mass range (3 – 5 GeV/c2).
Search for modifications of meson properties in the nuclear medium,
and their possible relationship to the partial restoration of chiral
symmetry for light quarks.
Precision g-ray spectroscopy of single and double hypernuclei for
Extracting information on their structure and on the hyperon-nucleon
and hyperon-hyperon interaction.
Inverted DVCS to extract parton distributions. Proton form-factors at large
Q2 up to 25 GeV2/c4. D-meson decay spectroscopy BR and decay dalitz plots CP-Violation in the D/Λ sector.

6. Charmonium Physics cc1 → gJ/y → ge+e- p p→ c1,2 _ e+e- → Y’ → gc1,2
→ gge+e-
→ ggJ/y
e+e- interactions:
3500
3520 MeV
3510
CBall ev./2 MeV
100
ECM
CBall
E835
1000
E 835 ev./pb
cc1
- Only 1-- states are formed
Other states only by secondary
decays (moderate mass resolution)
pp reactions: _
All states directly formed
(very good mass resolution)
Br( )
pp → hc = _
Br(e+e- →y) ·Br(y → ghc) =

7. Exotic hadrons (qq)(qq) (qq) g
The QCD spectrum is much rich than that of the naive quark model also the gluons can act as hadron components E x o t i c l g h q 1 -- -+
2000
4000
MeV/ 2 10 -2
The “exotic hadrons” fall in 3
general categories:
(qq)(qq)
Multiquarks
(qq) g
Hybrids
Glueballs
In the cc meson spectrum the density of
states is lower and therefore the overlap

8. Main non-qq candidates
Exotic hadrons
In the light meson region, about 10 states have been classified as “Exotics”. Almost all of them have been seen in pp...
Main non-qq candidates
f0(980)
4q state
f0(1500)
0++ glueball candidate
f0(1370)
f0(1710)
h(1410); h(1460)
0-+ glueball candidate
f1(1420)
hybrid, 4q state
p1(1400)
hybrid candidate 1-+
p1(1600)
p (1800)
hibrid candidate 0-+
p2(1900)
hybrid candidate 2-+
p1(2000)
a2’(2100)
hybrid candidate 1++

9. Charmonium Physics
Charmonium spectrum, glueballs, spin-exotics cc-glue hybrids with experimental results
Y(3943) enancement in J/Ψω
mass spectrum both four quarks state and charm- hybrid hypotesis have been proposed
X(3872) first seen by Belle
then confirmed by others
is hardly considered a cc state
From G.S. Bali, Eur. Phys. J A 19 (2004) 1
B-factories are abundant sources of data on charmonium

10. Charmed Hybrids Gluonic excitations of the
Flux tube-Model predicts H
DD** (+c.c.) decays
If mH<4290 MeV/c2→
GH < 50 MeV/c2
Some exotics can decay neither to DD nor to DD*+c.c.
Small number of final states with small phase space
r0=0.5fm
Gluonic excitations of the
quark-antiquark-potential may lead to bound states
LQCD:
mH ~ GeV ; JPC 1-+

11. hc h’c y’ cc0 cc1 cc2 y (3770) y (3836) y (4040) y (4160) y (4415) 21
Mass
Decay
channels
studied
Total BR seen (%)
Channels
With error <30% hc
2979.6±1.2 21
60.3 3
h’c
3654.0±6.0 4
~ 0
J/y
±.01
135
44.2 83 y’
±.03 62
77.1 29
cc0
3415.2±0.3 17
12.3 10
cc1
±.10 13
33.6 6
cc2
±.11 19
26.3 2 ?
y (3770)
3770.0±2.4 1
y (3836)
3836±13
X(3872)
3872.0±0.6
y (4040)
4040±10
y (4160)
4159±20
y (4415)
4415±6

12. MASS Mesons in nuclear matter
One of the fundamental question of QCD is the generation of
MASS
The light meson masses are larger than the sum of the constituent quark masses!
Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking seems to play a decisive role in the mass generation of light mesons.
How can we check this?

13. Hadrons in nuclear matter
Since density increase
in nuclear matter is possible a
partial restoration of chiral symmetry
Light quarks are sensitive to quark condensate
Evidence for mass changes of pions and kaons has been observed
Deeply bound pionic atoms
Kaon-production environments
f*p = 0.78f p
Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
Proton-Proton Collisions K- K+

14. Mesons in nuclear matter
pionic atoms
KAOS/FOPI
HESR π K D
vacuum
nuclear medium
ρ = ρ0 π+ π- K- K+ D+ D-
25 MeV
100 MeV
50 MeV
Mass modifications of mesons
With p beam up to 15GeV/c these studies
will be extended
Sub-threshold enhancement for D and D
meson production
expected signal:
strong enhancement of the D-meson
cross section, relative D+ D- yields,
in the near/sub-threshold region.
pp→ D+D-
10-2
10-1 1 10
102
103
s(nb) 4 5 6 7 D+ D-
T (GeV)
in-medium
free masses

15. Mesons in nuclear matter
GeV/c2 Mass
The lowering of the DD thresh.
allow Y ’,cc2 charmonium states
to decay into this channel
y(33S1) 4
thus resulting in a substantial
increase of width of these states
3.8
y(13D1)
Idea
Study relative changes of yield
and width of the charmonium state Y(3770).
BR into l+l- (10-5 in free space)
3,74
3,64
3,54
vacuum
1r0
2r0
y(23S1)
3.6
states above DD thresh. would
have larger width
cc2(13P2)
cc1(13P1)
3.4
cc1(13P0)
3.2
y(13S1)
hc(11S0) 3
Predictions by Ye.S. Golubeva et al., Eur.Phys.J. A 17,(2003)275

16. L0 S- X- W- Double-Lambda Hypernuclei u d s
Use pp Interaction to produce a hyperon “beam” (t~10-10 s) which is tagged by the antihyperon or its decay products s u d W- X- S- L0
X+ X- _
(Kaidalov & Volkovitsky)
quark-gluon string model

17. g g Production of Double Hypernuclei _ X X- L L Kaons _ p X- capture:2.
Slowing down and capture
of X- in
secondary target nucleus _
trigger X _ p
X- capture:
X- p  LL + 28 MeV
3 GeV/c X-
X-(dss) p(uud)  L(uds) L(uds) g 1.
Hyperon-
antihyperon
production
at threshold L L g
+28MeV 3.
g-spectroscopy with Ge-detectors

18. Other physics topics SM prediction ~ 2·10-5
Reversed Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering and Drell-Yan
processes to study GPD
Cross section σ ≈ s ≈10 GeV2
L = 2·1032 cm-2 s-1→ 103 events per month
CP-violation (D/Λ – sector)
- D0D0 mixing
SM prediction < 10-8
- compare angular decay
asymmetries for ΛΛ
SM prediction ~ 2·10-5
Rare D-decays:
D+→ μ+ ν (BR 10-4)
D → μ+ μ- (BR 10-13) W+ c d m+ n
hep-ph/

19. Other physics topics Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Proton in the
Time-Like Region from threshold up to 20 GeV2/c4
Precise measurement of cross-
sections of esclusive final states
with different nuclear targets for
neutrino experiments

20. QCD systems to be studied at PANDA

21. General Purpose Detector
Detector requests:
nearly 4p solid angle (partial wave analysis)
high rate capability (2·107 annihilations/s)
good PID (g, e, m, p, K, p)
momentum resolution (~1%)
vertex info for D, K0S, L (ct = 317 mm for D±)
efficient trigger (e, m, K, D, L)
modular design (Hypernuclei experiments)

22. PANDA Detector (top view) electromagnetic calorimeter
target spectrometer
forward spectrometer
DIRC:
Detecting Internally Reflected Cherenkov
light
straw tube tracker
mini drift chambers
muon
counter
Solenoidal
magnet
iron yoke
micro vertex detector
electromagnetic calorimeter
Length: ~2 m upstream, ~10 m downstream

23. Summary A new Hadron-Facility is underway in Europe: FAIR @ GSI
A wide experimetal physics program going from meson spectroscopy
to hypernuclear physics etc. will be accessible with the new GSI
antiproton beam
New and interesting results will come in many fields thanks to the
unprecedent characteristics of the beam and to the potentiality of the
PANDA general porpose detector