1. Covalent Bonding
Sharing is pairing

2. When does covalent bonding occur?
2 or more atoms share an e-
This can be two of the same elements or 2 different elements
1 covalent bond = 1 shared e- from each atom involved
sharing is pairing

3. When does covalent bonding occur?
Multiple covalent bonds O2 N2
Elements are always trying to achieve the rule of 8 (octet)
We can also say that these elements are trying to achieve FOUR PAIRS of e-

4. Likely to happen with nonmetals (gases and nonmetallic elements)
Less likely to lose or gain electrons
Takes up too much energy (a little lazy but down to share)

5. Closer these nonmetals are on the periodic table the more likely they will share e-
Practice, predict the potential bonds in the following element combination
metal & Non Metal = ionic
nonmetal & nonmetal = covalent
closer together on the periodic table  more likely to be covalent
Sodium and Oxygen –
Carbon and Oxygen –
Phosphorus and Oxygen –
Magnesium and Oxygen –
Aluminum and Oxygen –
Chlorine and Oxygen –
Sulfur and Oxygen –

6. Closer these nonmetals are on the periodic table the more likely they will share e-
Practice, predict the potential bonds in the following element combination
metal & Non Metal = ionic
nonmetal & nonmetal = covalent
closer together on the periodic table  more likely to be covalent
Sodium and Oxygen – ionic
Carbon and Oxygen – covalent
Phosphorus and Oxygen – covalent
Magnesium and Oxygen – ionic
Aluminum and Oxygen – ionic
Chlorine and Oxygen –covalent
Sulfur and Oxygen – covalent

7. Equal sharing
If the e- in the covalent bonds are shared equally we call this NONPOLAR BONDING

8. Sharing but not equal
POLAR BONDING occurs when one atom has a greater pull on the electron
The e- are still shared
One atom is just larger than the other
This causes a partial charge
*Shape must be considered
Polar bonds can still have a net charge of 0
Creates attraction between molecules
Opposites Attract

9. Review – study - check Additional resources
orbitals/bonding.html
Textbook