Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Micro Review 6: Even more Blood cell review and Vasculature
2
11/14/2018
3
Lymphocytes Agranulocyte 6-18 um, 20-30% in circ. blood
Small, with thin rim of cytoplasm around dense round nucleus Size of nucleus same size as RBC 3 classes B cells (bone marrow derived, activated into plasma cells to produce antibodies = humoral response) T cells (from thymus, helpers, suppressors, cytotoxics, recognize foreign antigens = cell mediated immunity) NK cells 11/14/2018
4
11/14/2018
5
Monocytes 12-20 um, 3-8% in circ. blood
Largest white cell in peripheral blood smear Nucleus round to horseshoe-shaped Chromatin less condensed and more delicate than lymphocytes Azurophilic granules but still called an agranulocyte 1.5 days in circ. Differentiate into macrophages in tissues (mitotic division) Phagocytosis and APC 11/14/2018
6
11/14/2018
7
Eosinophils 2-4 % of leukocytes in circulating blood 12-15 um
3-4 hours in bloodstream 8-12 day life span Easiest to recognize on EM on because of large oval specific granules that each contain elongated crystalloid About 200 specific granules per cell Crystalloid center has large amounts of major basic protein that accounts for eosinophilia Granules also contain peroxidase, eosinophilic peroxidase, acid phos, and ribonuclease 11/14/2018
8
11/14/2018
9
Neutrophils 60-70 % of leukocytes in circulating blood 12-15 um
In circulation 6-7 hours, life span few days Highly lobulated nucleus Kill bacteria (know how that works with proton pumps, granule dumping, and superoxide anions) Azurophilic granules = primary lysosomes Myeloperoxidases, acid phos Specific granules most abundant Contain alk phos, collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme 11/14/2018
10
11/14/2018
11
Eosinophils Large increase seen in parasitic infections and allergic states Ingest antigen-antibody complexes Counteract with histamine secreted by basophils and mast cells Lots of them in mucosa lining opennings to exterior 11/14/2018
12
11/14/2018
13
Basophils 12-15 um, 0-1% of circ. blood
Segmented nucleus, irregular # of lobes Biggest granules ever (in size)! Water soluble, containing peroxidase, histamine, and heparin – NO lysosomal enzymes! Have IgE receptors to dump granules when it comes in contact with an allergen 11/14/2018
14
11/14/2018
15
Reticulocytes Larger than mature erythrocyte Nucleus is extruded
Cytoplasm is faintly basophilic Why? RNA 11/14/2018
16
11/14/2018
17
Plasma cells Differentiated B cells that secrete antibodies
Beer belly displaced nucleus (isn’t it cute?) Humoral immunity 11/14/2018
18
11/14/2018
19
Megakaryocytes Where platelets come from
Found next to sinuses in hematopoietic compartment Progenitor is megakaryoblast, that exhibits endomitosis (usually go to 16n polyploidy), one large lobulated nucleus Non-platelet forming megakaryocyte (less cytoplasm and basophilia, more azurophilic granules) Platelet forming has proplatelets projecting into marrow sinuses Each forms platelets 11/14/2018
20
11/14/2018
21
Basophilic erythroblast
Intense basophilia – extremely purple No nucleoli Clumped chromatin with “spoked wheel” appearance – know these stupid ways they tell you to remember certain cells because they can use this on the written Spoked wheel Lacy appearance Checkerboard *** know what these go with 11/14/2018
22
11/14/2018
23
Myelocyte – red is eosinphilic and green is neutrophilic
Mitotic cells Has specific + azurophilic granules No nucleoli Nucleus round to oval More condensed chromatin 11/14/2018
24
11/14/2018
25
Band form / Stab cell – neutrophilic circled here
Postmitotic Full complement of specific granules Horseshoe-shaped or U-shaped nucleus 11/14/2018
26
11/14/2018
27
Metamyelocyte - eosinophilic is green circle
Postmitotic Almost full complement of specific granules Kidney-shaped nucleus 11/14/2018
28
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast – red circle
Dense heterochromatin in large clumps with no intervening euchromatin Cytoplasm nearly as eosinophilic as mature erythrocyte (but still faintly basophilic) 11/14/2018
29
11/14/2018
30
Myeloblast Basophilic cytoplasm NO granules Light staining nucleus
5 or more nucleoli 11/14/2018
31
11/14/2018
32
Promyelocyte – green circle
Azure granules Some condensing of chromatin 1-3 nucleoli Really big Ps. Red circle is eosinophilic myelocyte 11/14/2018
33
11/14/2018
34
Polychromatophilic erythroblast – blue circle
Coarse condensed chromatin Greyish cytoplasm Marks beginning of heme synthesis Mitotic cell Ps. Red circle is neutrophilic band/stab cell 11/14/2018
35
11/14/2018
36
Promyelocyte Azure granules 1-3 nucleoli Really big Look purplish
11/14/2018
37
11/14/2018
38
Promyelocyte remember the azurophilic gtranules
Promyelocyte remember the azurophilic gtranules!!!!! Still has a few nucleoli 11/14/2018
39
Vascular Systems What are the two vascular systems in the human body and their components? 11/14/2018
40
Vascular Systems What are the two vascular systems in the human body and their components? Blood vascular system Composed of all blood vessels (arteries capillaries and veins) and the heart Lymphatic system Consists of vessels that retrieve lymph What is lymph? Tissue fluid derived from plasma plus WBCs 11/14/2018
41
Organization of Vessels
What are the three layers of a blood vessel? 11/14/2018
42
Organization of Vessels
What are the three layers of a blood vessel? Tunica intima—innermost layer Tunica media—middle layer Tunica Adventitia—outermost layer 11/14/2018
43
Tunica Intima What does it include? 11/14/2018
44
Tunica Intima What does it include?
Layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelial cells) lining lumen of the tube Endothelial cells form basal lamina Subendothelial layer—loose CT and in some cases scattered sm. muscle 11/14/2018
45
Tunica Media What is it composed of? 11/14/2018
46
Tunica Media What is it composed of?
Circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and CT (elastic fibers!) 11/14/2018
47
Tunica Adventitia What is it composed of? 11/14/2018
48
Tunica Adventitia What is it composed of?
Outermost layer composed of collagenous CT with some elastic fibers May be indistinguishable from surrounding CT 11/14/2018
49
What can separate the tunica intima from the tunica media?
Where is this separation likely to happen? What about the tunica media from the tunica adventitia? 11/14/2018
50
What can separate the tunica intima from the tunica media?
Internal elastic lamina Where is this separation likely to happen? In arteries, large arterioles, and sometimes large veins What about the tunica media from the tunica adventitia? External elastic lamina 11/14/2018
51
What is the vasa vasorum?
11/14/2018
52
What is the vasa vasorum?
Branches that supply the outer layers of a vessel… can be branches from the same vessel (if its an artery) or from a nearby artery 11/14/2018
53
Large Conducting/Elastic Artery
Thick Tunica Intima Tunica media is smooth muscle alternating with elastin sheets (helps control blood pressure) Tunica adventitia—thin, collagenous Cannot distinguish internal and external elastic laminae from other elastin in section – think LOTS OF ELASTIC FIBERS HERE!!!!!!! 11/14/2018
54
Medium/Muscular/Distributing Arteries
Tunica intima—scattered sm. Muscle cells in subendothelial layer Tunica media is thickest—circularly arranged sm. musc, some elastic lamina Assists in distribution of blood to organs Tunica adventitia—collagenous, often not distinguishable from surrounding CT Can see internal elastic lamina. 11/14/2018
55
Small artery and arterioles
Tunica intima—single layer of endothelial cells Tunica media—1-2 layers spirally arranged sm. Muscle (arterioles) up to 6 layers for sm. arteries. Are used to control vasoconstriction and dilation Tunica Adventitia—thin and collagenous Internal elastic lamina present in large vessels Endothelial cells of arterioles contain Weibel-Palade granules 11/14/2018
56
Capillaries Involved in exchange of material between blood and surrounding tissue Basically endothelial cells and basal lamina Pericytes—partially surround endothelial cells and have their own basal lamina (fuses with endothelial cell lamina) Sinusoids—have wider diameter 11/14/2018
57
Capillaries and Sinusoids
Continuous Capillaries/sinusoids– endothelial cells joined by tight junctions and a continuous basal lamina Have pinocytic vesicles suggesting transcytosis as transport mechanism because tight junctions don’t allow stuff to cross Fenestrated Capillaries/sinusoids—endothelial cells have pores (fenestrations) through the cytoplasm Thin diaphragm transverses these pores Basal lamina is continuous even across fenestrations Discontinuous Capillaries/sinusoids—incomplete endothelial lining and basal lamina 11/14/2018
58
Capillary Bed Describe the following Thoroughfare
Precapillary sphincters Areteriovenous shunts 11/14/2018
59
Capillary Bed Describe the following
Thoroughfare— main path through capillary bed, flow through it is continuous whereas it can be intermittent to branches Precapillary sphincters— rings of sm. Muscle that control flow from metarterioles into capillaries (respond to things like lactic acid conc, and O2 conc. Arteriovenous shunts— allow blood to bypass capillary beds—regulated by ANS 11/14/2018
60
Veins Carry blood towards the heart
Wall thickness is apprx. 1/5 size of lumen Leads to more irregular profile Blood pressure is lower in veins 11/14/2018
61
Venules - here blue is venule and red is arteriole – COMPARE LUMEN and WALLS
Tunica intima—endothelial cells Tunica media—few pericytes 1-2 layers of sm. Muscle in larger venules Tunica adventitia– thick and continuous with surrounding CT 11/14/2018
62
Medium veins Tunica intima—thin, endothelial cells, maybe some CT
Tunica media—more sm. Muscle than venules but less than medium arteries Tunica adventitia—thick with some elastic fibers Some have valves—extensions of tunica intima 11/14/2018
63
Large Veins Tunica intima—well developed (that means prominent)
Tunica media—underdeveloped Tunica adventia—thick/well developed, can contain longitudinally arranged sm muscle – this is KEY 11/14/2018
64
Heart Endocardium—analagous to tunica intima
Simple endothelial layer with subendothelial later of CT Subendocardial layer—adjacent to myocardium Contains veins, nerves, sm muscle, and purkinje cells Endocardium is THICK in ATRIA, thin in ventricles Myocardium—tunica media—thickest layer of heart, esp in ventricles Epicardium—tunica adventitia—elastic and adipose tissue 11/14/2018
65
KNOW THIS! You will be expected to say where on the heart a specimen is from!!!! You cannot just say “heart tissue” You will need to know atrium vs. ventricle 11/14/2018
66
Valves Elaborations of the endocardium
Core of collagen and elastic fiberslamina fibrosa, covered by endothelium At base of the valves, lamina fibrosa froms annulus fibrosus Separates myocardial cells of atria and ventricle physically and electrically Chordae tendineae– anchors free edges of valves to ventricle wall Papillary muscles—present where chordae tendinae insert 11/14/2018
67
Atrium Ventricle 11/14/2018
68
Circle—annulus fibrosis
11/14/2018
69
Lymphatic system Structure similar to veins but usually thinner walls
Held open by anchoring filaments Have numerous valves to prevent back-flow Valve—prevents back flow 11/14/2018
70
Portal Systems Variations from normal flow of heartarteriescapillaries veinsheart They are veins/venules or arteries/arterioles that connect two capillary beds before returning to the heart Hepatic portal system—picks up nutrients absorbed in digestive tract and delivers them to liver for processing and all the fun crap that SER does like de-tox. 11/14/2018
71
Tumors and angiogenesis
Tumors--- angiosarcomas (endothelial cells) or hemangiopericytomas (from pericytes) Angiogenesis—formation of new blood vessels Angiogenic factors play a role 11/14/2018
72
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis—hardening of arteries due to death of sm. Muscle cells in tunica mediareplaced by scar tissue and calcium deposits Atherosclerosis– focal thickenings of tunica intima Steps involved? 11/14/2018
73
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis—hardening of arteries due to death of sm. Muscle cells in tunica mediareplaced by scar tissue and calcium deposits Atherosclerosis– focal thickenings of tunica intima Steps involved? Injury to endothelium Monocytes attach to damaged surface Monocytes migrate subendothelially become macrophages Macrophages accumulate lipid foam cells Platelets adhere to endothelial surface Platelets and endo cells produce PDGF Chemoattractant and mitogen for sm. Muscle Smooth muscle migrates from tunica media into intima and proliferates also accumulate lipidmore foam cells Sm. Muscle cells produce ECMplaques 11/14/2018
74
Aneurysm Thinning of the wall of a blood vessel allows formation of an aneurysm Ballon like extention of a vessel that may rupture Dissecting aneurysm—pools of blood accumulate between tunics 11/14/2018
75
Some general hints for blood vessel ID
First decide if its artery, vein, or lymph Look at thickness of tunica media and for the presence of elastic fibers Look for valves Look for shape integrity Also look for RBCs in the lumen, if you THINK it’s a lymph vessel but its full of RBCs then you are wrong. Then look for relative size—look at other vessels in section, count muscle layers, make an educated decision 11/14/2018
76
Identify 11/14/2018
77
Arteriole because it has less than 6 layers of muscle in tunica media
Hints: Look at size of lumen compared to wall thickness Then look at the tunica media How many layers of muscle? Arteriole because it has less than 6 layers of muscle in tunica media 11/14/2018
78
Identify 11/14/2018
79
Hints: picture it if the outer layer were a blue green color
Look at the relative size of the luminal later compared to the middle layer ATRIUM OF THE HEART 11/14/2018
80
Identify 11/14/2018
81
Hints: Look at wall thickness What is in the lumen (purple cells)
LYMPHATIC VESSEL 11/14/2018
82
Identify 11/14/2018
83
Large Conducting/Elastic Artery
Same hints apply—look at size of tunica media and for the presence of elastic Large Conducting/Elastic Artery 11/14/2018
84
Identify 11/14/2018
85
Hints: look at color of cytoplasm Look at shape of nucleus
Neutrophilic band/stab cell 11/14/2018
86
Identify 11/14/2018
87
Notice that the RBC in the lumen takes up almost the entire lumen
Hints: size! Number of layers Capillary Notice that the RBC in the lumen takes up almost the entire lumen 11/14/2018
88
Identify 11/14/2018
89
Hints: lumen wall ratio Thickness of sm muscle layer
Internal elastic lamina Muscular artery 11/14/2018
90
Identify 11/14/2018
91
Green arrow: endothelial Cell Red Arrow: pericyte
Note the shared basal lamina 11/14/2018
92
Identify 11/14/2018
93
Hints: -- granules -- nucleoli Promyeloctye 11/14/2018
94
Identify 11/14/2018
95
Hints: The orientation of the muscle – remember the dead giveaway is the longitudinal smooth muscle in the adventitia The thickness of the various layers Large Vein 11/14/2018
96
Identify 11/14/2018
97
Hints: Layers? Size? Venule
The other thing is an arteriole so you can see they are almost the same size – appreciate the thicker walls and smaller lumen of the arteriole 11/14/2018
98
Identify 11/14/2018
99
Look at the thickness of the layers?
Hints] What is the tissue? Look at the thickness of the layers? Ventricle 11/14/2018
100
Identify 11/14/2018
101
platelet Small size compared to RBC purple color 11/14/2018
102
11/14/2018
103
Muscular artery Tunica media thickest
Highlighted internal elastic lamina Can see external elastic lamina in big ones 11/14/2018
104
11/14/2018
105
11/14/2018
106
Medium veins Tunica intima thin with endothelial cells and scant subendothelial connective tissue Less smooth muscle than arteries in tunica media Tunica adventia thick with some elastic fibers Have valves Extension of tunica intima 11/14/2018
107
11/14/2018
108
Internal Elastic Lamina
Found here in….. MUSCULAR ARTERY 11/14/2018
109
11/14/2018
110
Elastic artery Tunica intima thick
Tunica media has many layers of smooth muscle cells alternating with parallel fenestrated sheets of elastin Tunica adventia thin Internal and external elastic lamina may be present 11/14/2018
111
11/14/2018
112
11/14/2018
113
11/14/2018
114
Large veins Tunica intima well developed Tunica media undeveloped
Tunica adventia thick and well developed with longitudinally arranged smooth muscle (definitely the easiest way to remember what this looks like) 11/14/2018
115
11/14/2018
116
Arterioles – red arrow Tunica intima is single layer of endothelial cells Tunica media is one or two layers of spiral smooth muscle (not four layers of smooth muscle, which would be a small artery) Tunica adventia thin and collagenous Internal elastic lamina may be present in largest ones 11/14/2018
117
Venules – blue arrow Tunica intima is endothelial cells
Tunica media is few pericytes to 1-2 layers of smooth muscle Tunica adventia thick, continuous with surrounding CT 11/14/2018
118
11/14/2018
119
Lymphatics Numerous valves prevent backflow
Will have WBCs in the lumen 11/14/2018
120
11/14/2018
121
More lymphatics Although you dont see WBC notice how thin the walls are and how there are VALVES 11/14/2018
122
11/14/2018
123
Heart Annulus fibrosis (green circle) is where ventricle, atrium, and valve all meet Epicardium (green layer, blue arrow) = the tunica adventitia of the heart Myocardium (red arrow) Ventricle has thicker myocardium Atrium has thinner myocardium and thicker epicardium 11/14/2018
124
11/14/2018
125
heart Ventricle opening into large artery, with heart valve
Right ventricle, valve (do remember which one from Gross lab?), pulmonary artery OR Left ventricle, valve, aorta 11/14/2018
126
11/14/2018
127
Purkinje fibers Impulse conducting system of the heart
Recognized because they are larger than their neighboring contractile fibers and their myofilaments are located in the periphery of the cell. (Look at an EM of this) Lots of perinuclear glycogen gives center a pale appearance 11/14/2018
128
11/14/2018
129
Capillary Can fit exactly one RBC in lumen 11/14/2018
130
11/14/2018
131
Another capillary Because only ONE endothelial cell surrounds the lumen 11/14/2018
132
11/14/2018
133
CONTINUOUS capillary Pinocytic vesicles are KEY
The wall is continuous – this makes sense 11/14/2018
134
11/14/2018
135
FENESTRATED capillary
Notice the basal lamina still continues over the fenestrations I guarantee they will give you EMs of capillaries (contin, fenes, discontin) so I highly suggest taking a peek at these in the EM book that you can check out in the comp lab 11/14/2018
136
If you have questions do not hesitate: boggusrl@email.uc.edu
PEACE OUT If you have questions do not hesitate:
Similar presentations
