1. 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Rebellions

2. A. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments.
III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement.
A. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments.

3. Wahhabi Rebellion Fundamentalist/revisionist group in Islam
They didn’t feel the Ottoman Sultan should be considered a religious leader for Islam
Were revolting against the Ottoman Empire by attacking caravans and took control over Mecca and Medina
Ottomans sent Muhammad Ali into Egypt to put down the rebellion
He recaptured the Holy cities and sent the leader of the rebellion to Istanbul for execution
Muhammad Ali will use his popularity to continue his expansion

4. Marathas Rebellion Against Aurangzeb’s persecution against Hindus
He ignored the rebellion and it grew quickly
One of his own sons joined the rebellion
The rebellion lasted 27 years and cost him a lot of money and effort
Eventually the last leader died without an heir and the rebellion did not restart when the Mughals ended

5. III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement.
D. Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anti-colonial movements.

6. Sepoy and Boxer Rebellions
We already spoke about these

7. Mahdist Revolt Colonial war in the 19th century
Sudanese had experienced great hardship under the Ottomans and Muhammad Ali
The gov’t was having troubles funding the building of the Suez so GB stepped in to finish the project & eventually was in charge of the gov’t of Egypt
Muhammad Ahmad claimed to be the Mahdi, the redeemer of Islam
After many years of rebellion, the British pulled Egyptian gov’t out of the Sudan
By the Berlin Conference, GB re-extended Egyptian control over the Sudan as the leaders of the rebellion died out

8. III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement.
E. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism.

9. Millenarianism Comes from Latin “containing a thousand”
It is a word that describes the religious, political, or social group of movement that is to led to great change

10. Taiping Program Didn’t like Manchu rule Abolition of private property
Communal wealth for sharing
No footbinding
Free public education
Easier written language
Literacy for everyone
Equality between men and women
Some wanted democracy

11. Rebellion Took Nanjing in 1853
By 1855 a million were ready to attack Beijing
The Qing defeated them
1860 they were ready to attack Shanghai

12. Taiping Defeat Gentry was supporting Qing
Given rights to develop their own militia forces
Europeans helped
Hong committed suicide in June 1864
Rebellion fell apart

13. Effects of the Rebellion
20 – 30 million died
Decline in agricultural production
Led to starvation in the countryside

14. Ghost Dance Native American rebellion in 1890
Teaching was that dance would reunite the living with the spirits of the dead and bring peace and the end of white expansion
Led to Wounded Knee
Dance is still performed by some Native groups

15. Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement
Nongqawuse was a priestess who led this rebellion in South Africa
She said that her ancestors told her the Xhosa people needed to kill their cattle and burn their crops and the British would leave
Many of their cattle were dying due to a lung disease possibly brought by the British cattle
After the killing of 400,000 head of cattle in 1857, she was arrested and sent to Robben Island
Population dropped from 105,000 to 27,000

16. III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement.
F. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies.

17. Reforms
We’ve talked about Self-Strengthening in China and Bismarck’s changes in Germany

18. III. The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary movement.
E. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism.

19. Reforms
Selim III
Tried to remodel the army, but Janissaries revolted
He was locked up by the Janissaries
Selim’s successor tried again and the Janissaries killed everyone of the royal family except one-Mahmud II

20. Mahmud II’s Reforms Killed the Janissaries and created a new army
European style uniforms
European weapons and training
Sent people to schools in Europe

21. Mahmud II’s Reforms Secondary education school system
Established scientific, technical, and military academies
Taxed rural landlords
Abolished military land grants
Undermined the ulama
Constructed new roads
Built telegraph lines
Created a postal service

22. Legal Reforms Tanzimat (1839-1876)
Commercial Code 1850
Penal code 1858
Maritime code 1863
New civil code
Public trials, equality before the law, privacy rights
Education reforms
Primary and secondary schools
Free primary school

23. Ottoman Reforms