1. Grammar
8 parts of speech

2. 1. Noun Person, place, thing or idea Proper or common
Abstract or concrete
Collective

3. Proper & common nouns Ann, Montana, Sears Tower
Proper nouns name particular people, places, or things. These are capitalized
Ann, Montana, Sears Tower

4. Common nouns are not capitalized
woman, street, building

5. Pronoun Used in place of a noun or more than one noun
Be careful to avoid unreferenced or ambiguous pronouns

6. It was a beautiful day.
Jenny was arguing with Paula, and she looked unhappy.

7. Adjective Used to modify a noun or pronoun What kind Which one
How many

8. Adjectives need not precede the modified word
The rat, large and ugly, sat gazing at the corn field.

9. Adjectives that modify the subject of the sentence may follow the verb (called a predicate adjective). These only occur with being/linking verbs.
Bethany is homely.
This is called a predicate adjective

10. The most commonly used adjectives are a, an, and the
The most commonly used adjectives are a, an, and the. They are often called articles.

11. Verb A word that expresses action or state of being
Action verbs that take an object are called transitive verbs The rain lashed the windows.
An intransitive verb takes no object The rain fell.

12. Linking or being verbs suggest a state or condition
Being verbs – is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been (others)
Linking verbs – appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem (others)
Mildred looks very angry.

13. The verb phrase is made up of a main verb and one or more helping verbs.
has played, should have paid, will be coming, must have been hurt

14. Adverb Used to modify verbs and adjectives, or other adverbs
Tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how often/how much)

15. Modifying a verb Theresa reads quickly. Thomas can really skate.
My parents left yesterday.

16. Modifying an adjective
Bart is an incredibly intense competitor.
I couldn’t tell if the unbelievably ugly dog was coming or going.

17. Modifying another adverb
She swam very fast.
Sean fell terribly hard on the ice.

18. Preposition
Used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
ALWAYS occurs in a phrase

19. The phrase, as a whole, operates as an adjective or adverb
The noun or pronoun (in the definition) is called the object of the preposition

20. A short list of prepositions:
About, above, across, after, at, in, by, into, of, on, over, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, before, beside, among, around, from, for, like, since, between

21. The first person in the pool wins the race.
I edited the article for the magazine.

22. Conjunction Joins words or groups of words Coordinating conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions

23. Coordinating conjunctions join two equal “things”
and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
Joan and Tarren are the best musicians in our school.
The cougar turned and ran through the yard.
Cattle or swine remain the only critters raised in this county.

24. Correlative conjunctions
always occur in pairs – either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but (also), whether/or
His act was neither interesting nor exciting.
Either come help me in the kitchen or go clean the garage.

25. Subordinating conjunctions
Used to begin subordinate clauses, usually adverb clauses.
This computer is even better than we had anticipated.
I will do it myself since you can’t help me.

26. Interjection
Expresses emotion and has no grammatical relation to other words in the sentence
Oh! Hurry! Wow! Ouch!

27. Don’t panic yet ! We will deal with this in small chunks, and only to a certain depth.