1. Blood- “The River of Life” Specialized connective tissue
“ Blood is a priceless commodity.”

2. Functions of Blood
Transports dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes
Regulates pH/ electrolytes thru body
Prevents blood loss/ clots
Defense (antibodies) against toxins/ bacteria

3. Basic Physical Characteristics
38 degrees C (100.4 degrees F)
5 times more viscous than H2O; sticky/ cohesive
pH = is slightly alkaline
Volume = 5-6L Male; 4-5L Female (7% of body weight)

4. Composition of Blood Plasma= liquid portion of blood
Formed Elements= cells and fragments
RBC’s -carry 02
WBC’s –body’s defense
Platelets-clotting

5. Types of Blood Cells

6. Types of White Blood Cells…
How White Blood Cells are Formed

7. Types of Blood Cells
RBC’s-- erythrocytes– biconcave shape that carries hemoglobin which carries the Oxygen
EPO-- erythropoietin– hormone that controls the rate of RBC production by negative feedback
WBC’s -- leukocytes protect against disease
Neutrophils -- have enzymes which break down bacteria
Eosinophils-- kill parasites and help control allergic reactions
Basophils-- prevents inappropriate blood clotting
Monocytes-- largest, destroys damaged RBC’s
Lymphocytes-- immune response cells

8. The Role of White Blood Cells

9. Hemostasis = “blood standing still”  clotting
 Clotting Steps
a. platelets “stick” to damaged site, more pile up creating a plug = white thrombus
b. serotonin released vessel spasms which decrease blood flow
c. thromboplastin creates clotting “cascade”
d. reacts with Ca+2  thrombin
e. it changes fibrinogen to fibrin (a mesh-like trap), within 1 hr. vessel starts to heal
**Normal blood clots in 2 – 6 min.
** Sterile gauze &/ or pressure speeds up process (something to cling to and local
thromboplastin released)

10. Hemostasis--- Video

11. Clotting and Bleeding Disorders
thrombus = clot inside an unbroken vessel
ex. heart attack, legs
embolus = if it breaks away and moves
ex. stroke (moved to brain)
thrombocytopenia = not enough clotting proteins, Vit. K needed by the liver to make proteins  liver damage = blood transfusion
Hemophilia = “bleeders disease”; Even small cuts are dangerous, need transfusions of plasma and proteins

12. Blood Banks and Blood Types
Loss of 15-30% of blood = weakness
> 30% = shock
Blood banks collect blood and put in an anticoagulent and refrigerate.
RBC’s have antigens on them so that they recognize “self”
If someone gets blood that’s not their type, body thinks it’s disease, RBC’s burst  O2 failure and kidney failure

13. Blood types A, B, AB, O
AB =universal recipient (can get A,B,AB, or O )
O = universal donor (anyone can get)
Rh factors
Discovered in Rhesus monkeys, Most people are Rh + carry the Rh antigen
Rh- women carrying Rh+ babies, baby rejects Mother’s blood … have to take Rhogam, if not, baby is anemic or  brain damage

14. Blood typing
Mix blood with 2 types of Serum antiA / B, Clumping occurs under microscope
Cross matching = test donor’s blood with recipient’s and vice versa to be certain!
Developmental aspects
Blood circulating in fetus at 28 days = 4 WEEKS!
Increase in age = more leukemia, anemias, and clotting

15. Artificial Blood Substitutes…
Can stretch blood supply
Flusol = related to nonstick cook-ware, glides easier, store donor organs in it
Chm. Altered Hemoglobin increases O2 capacity at low temps./ But constricts vessels
Neohemocytes = artifical RBC’s 1/12th the size,
6 month shelf life