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Principles of Geronotology
1 Lecture Note PowerPoint Presentation Principles of Geronotology
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Gerontology Gerontology: Study of all aspects of aging and its consequences Ageism: when older adults are stereotyped Gerontologic nursing: specialized nursing with knowledge of illness and health of the aging
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AGEISM What are some stereotypic characteristics of the elderly that you have heard? Or believe? Dependent ? Frail ? Poor ? Lonely ? Unreliable d/t memory loss ? Rigid; narrow-minded ? Unable to learn ?
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Older Adult Young Old 60-74 Middle Old 75-84 Old Old 85 & older
Presently: 12.8% of population 2030: will increase to 20% of population
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Identify mortality data according to race, gender, and age.
LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Identify mortality data according to race, gender, and age.
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The Goals of Gerontological Nursing Are to Study, Diagnose, and Treat Disease
Principles include health promotion and health protection
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The Gerontologic Nurse May Be Found in
Skilled nursing facilities Retirement communities Adult day care Residential care facilities Transitional care units Rehabilitation hospitals Community based home care
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All Nations Have an Aging Population
The greatest increases will be in developing countries In 2005, 13% of the U.S. population was over age 60 18.3 million aged 65–74 12.9 million aged 75–84 4.7% aged 85 or older
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Figure 1-1 Population over the age of 60, worldwide and developing regions.
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Feminization of Later Life
Women comprise 55% of the older population Women have a longer life expectancy The average life expectancy of women in the United States is 81 years The average life expectancy of men in the United States is 75.2 years
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Figure 1-3 Number of males per 100 females by age, 2002.
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Feminization of Later Life
Male exposure to risk factors may account for the differences Increases in female exposures to risk factors will reduce difference in life expectancy
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Describe leading causes of disability among older adults.
LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Describe leading causes of disability among older adults.
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Epidemiology Study of health among populations
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Table 1-1 Top Causes of Death for People Age 65 and Over
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Chronic Conditions Develop Over Time
Chronic disorders can start about age 20
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Nurses Can Intervene Using the Three Levels of Prevention
Primary Health promotion Secondary Early diagnosis and prompt treatment Tertiary Restoration and rehabilitation
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Chronic Conditions in Seniors
80% have at least one chronic condition Two of the three leading causes of death declined by one third Heart disease and stroke
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Morbidity Two of the three leading causes of death declined by one third Heart disease and stroke Leading causes Hypertension Heart disease Diabetes Respiratory disorders
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Seventy Percent of Physical Decline Related to Modifiable Risk Factors
Smoking Poor nutrition Physical inactivity Failure to use preventative and screening services
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Identify common myths of aging and their contribution to ageism.
LEARNING OUTCOME 3 Identify common myths of aging and their contribution to ageism.
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Fears of Aging Relate to Perception of Inevitable
Disease Disability Decline
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Myths Can Lead to Ageism Reduced healthcare services
Segregation of elders from mainstream society Difficulty recruiting nurses to work with the elderly
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Common Aging Myths Old means being sick
Older people cannot learn new things Health promotion is wasted on older people The elderly do not pull their own weigh. It is too late to change bad habits Older people have no interest in sex
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Role of the Gerontological Nurse
Educate colleagues and peers
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Describe the effects of chronic disease.
LEARNING OUTCOME 4 Describe the effects of chronic disease.
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The Number of Individuals Impacted by Chronic Illness
125 million people in the United States One in ten people in the United States (30 million) have a related activity limitation.
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Financial Impact of Chronic Disease
$470 billion in 1995 25% increase expected by 2030 Anticipated to be $864 billion in 2040
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Racial Differences Related to Chronic Disease
African-Americans more likely to have limitations in ADLs Older African-Americans with arthritis more likely to have activity limitations 60% of older African-Americans report hypertension
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Racial Differences Related to Chronic Disease
Increases in diabetes in African-Americans and Hispanics Life expectancy difference between African-American and White populations is 5.7 years
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Gender Differences Related to Chronic Disease
Women report more help needed with ADLs than men Need for assistance increases with age
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Impact of Chronic Disease on Emotional Health
Women with a chronic condition rate health as poor African-Americans have least positive assessment of emotional well-being
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Challenges Faced Increased managed healthcare cost
Providing accessible health care to all persons Recognizing differing healthcare needs
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Opportunities to Improve Older Adults’ Health and Quality of Life
Healthy lifestyles Early disease detection Immunization Injury prevention Self-management techniques
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Healthy People 2010 Goals Increase quality and years of life
Eliminate health disparities
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Contrast several major theories of aging.
LEARNING OUTCOME 5 Contrast several major theories of aging.
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Types of Aging Changes Benign and superficial Senescence Plastic
Graying hair Wrinkles Senescence Progressive body system deterioration Plastic Modifiable changes that can be slowed
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Organ Reserve Changes Reduced organ reserve with aging Homeostasis
Maintenance of body equilibrium Homeostenosis Inability of body to restore homeostasis after environmental changes
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Aging Theories Biological Programmed theories
Hypothesize that the body’s genetic codes contain instructions for regulation of cellular reproduction and death Programmed Longevity Endocrine Theory Immunological Theory
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Aging Theories Biological Error theories
Hypothesize that environmental assaults and the body’s constant need to make energy and fuel metabolic activities cause toxic by- products Wear and Tear Theory Cross-Link Theory Free Radical Theory Somatic DNA Damage Theory Emerging Biological Theories
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Aging Theories Psychological aging theories
Coping or adaptive strategies must occur for a person to age successfully. Jung’s Theory of Individualism Erickson’s Developmental Theory
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Aging Theories Sociological aging theories
Focus on roles and relationships that occur later in life Disengagement Theory Activity Theory Continuity Theory
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LEARNING OUTCOME 6 Evaluate the natural history of disease using principles of epidemiology.
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National Institute on Aging
Created by Congress in 1974
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History of Gerontology
Past focus: study, diagnose, and treat disease Current focus: improvement of health holistically Physical Mental Emotional Spiritual well-being
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