1. Process of Cell Division

2. Chromosomes Chromosomes: Packages of bundled DNA
Chromosomes allow cells to handle such a large molecule like DNA

3. Prokaryotic Chromosomes
Most prokaryotes contain a single, circular DNA chromosome within their cytoplasm.

4. Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Eukaryotic cells generally have more DNA than prokaryotes, therefore contain more chromosomes
Ex: Fruit flies have 8 and Humans have 46
Chromosomes make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell division

5. Eukaryotic Chromosomes

6. The Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle: series of events as a cell grows and divides
Cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

7. Prokaryotic Cell Cycle
DNA is replicated once the cell reaches a certain size
Binary fission
Once chromosome is copied, each copy attaches to a different part of the cell membrane
Fibers form between chromosomes
Cell is pinched and two new cells are formed

8. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Interphase
G1 Phase- Cell Growth: cells increase in size and make new proteins and organelles
G stands for gap

9. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Interphase
S Phase- DNA Replication: New DNA is made. At the end of the S phase, the cell will have twice as much DNA as it started with
S stands for synthesis
Ex: 46 chromosomes doubles to 92

10. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Interphase
G2 Phase- many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced
Shortest phase

12. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Mitosis: division of the cell nucleus
Prophase: genetic material inside nucleus condenses and the duplicated chromosomes become visible. Outside the nucleus, the spindle starts to form
Centromere: area where DNA molecules are attached
Sister Chromatids: identical chromosomes
Centrioles: organelle that creates spindle fibers

13. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Mitosis
Metaphase: the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle.
Think of meta and middle

14. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Mitosis
Anaphase: the chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell

15. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Mitosis
Telophase: the chromosomes, which were distinct and condensed, begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin.
This is the last phase of mitosis and there is still only one cell

16. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Cytokinesis
Animal cells: cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts
Plant cells: cell plate forms forms halfway between divided nuclei

17. Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase/Cytokinesis