1. Chapter 3
What is culture?

2. Lesson 1 Understanding Culture
Culture is a way of life of people who share similar beliefs and customs.
Scientists look at 8 traits or elements that society is broken into: social groups, language, religion, daily life, history, arts, government, and the economy.

3. Social Groups
This takes into consideration number of rich, poor, and middle class.
They also look at how the young and old are treated, roles of women and men, and country’s different ethnic group.
An ethnic group is a group of people who share common history, language, religion and physical characteristics.
There are also minority groups like the African Americans, and Hispanic Americans in the USA.

5. Language One of strongest forces to unify culture.
Languages have different dialects, a local form of a language that differs from the same language in other areas.
Some differences are between how people say certain words or saying different words that mean the same thing.

7. Religion & Daily Life There are 5 major religions in the world.
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism.
What people eat is part of their every day life.
What people eat with is also part of their culture.
Another part of daily life is what kind of building you live in.

9. History & Arts We celebrate holidays of heroes and heroines.
Different cultures have different histories and backgrounds.
Art and architecture also are shaped by a culture and define the cultures.
Dance, music, literature, and theatre are other ways to express cultures beliefs and values.
                                                

10. Government
There are all different types of governments throughout the world.
Democracy- is a form of limited government where power rests with people.
Dictatorship- Where a dictator takes power by force, usually military, makes all decisions.
Monarchy-Kings or queens born into royalty and inherit power to rule.
                                                

11. Economy and Cultural Change
The economy tells what activities the society does for a living.
Culture never remains the same, because of new inventions, technologies, etc.
Culture diffusion takes place where new knowledge and skills are spread to other cultures.
                                                

12. Culture over time
Humans have went from hunting and gathering to farming.
This allowed for civilizations, highly developed cultures.
Industrialization came and changes the world again in the s.
Computers were the next revolution and major change.
Culture regions- include different countries that have traits in common.
                                                

14. Lesson 2 Population Patterns
In 1999 the world population reached 6 billion people.
The world didn’t even have 1 billion people until 1800, 2 billion in 1930, 4 billion in 1974.

16. Reason for Population Growth
One reason is death rate, number of people out of every who die in a year, has dropped.
Another reason is birth rate, number of people out of every who are born every year has increased.
Growth can cause problems.
Sometimes there is not enough food for people, especially in Africa when there are famines, lack of food.
Shortages of houses, water, and food.
The amount of technology and creativeness also increases.
                                                

17. Where People Live Land only covers 30% of the earth’s surface.
Half of this land is not usable by humans, deserts, glaciers, high mountains.
People try to live where water is plentiful and weather is half way decent. Also something to do with good land.
Geographers look at population density, average number of people that live on a square mile or kilometer.
Egypt’s population density is 186 people per square mile but 99% of those people live within 20 miles of the Nile River.
                                                

18. Population Movement
Some people move from city to city, or rural to urban, or to suburban areas.
Recently people are moving into the cities, which is called urbanization.
People move to cities to find jobs, closer to many things, tourism, or just to get out of a rural area.
                                                

19. Population Movement About 50% of world’s population live in cities.
Central America has greatly increases in recent years.
About 1/3 of Argentina’s population live in Buenos Aires.
Cities continue to spread outward.
Emigration also occurs, leaving the country they were born in.
Another reason for movement is war. The people that flee to another country to flee war or natural disaster, or persecution, are called refugees.
                                                

21. Lesson 3 Resources and World Trade
Natural resources are products of the earth that people use to meet their needs.
Wind, water, oil , trees, stones, soil, and things like this are natural resources.
There are renewable and nonrenewable resources.

23. Natural Resources
Renewable resources cannot be used up or can be replaced naturally or grown again.
Nonrenewable resources are limited because the earth provides a limited supply and take a long time to replace or cannot be replaced

24. Economic Systems
Economic system sets rules for deciding what goods and services to produce, how to produce them, and who gets them.
Traditional- economic decision based on customs; for example doing what your grandfathers/mothers did for living, barter system.
Command-Government makes all economic decisions…communism.
Market-individuals make their own decision of what to do and what to buy. Who produces the product and who buys it depends on supply and demand.
Mixed- Government controls some aspects and individuals control others.

25. World Trade Resources are not evenly distributed around the world.
Farming differing in each country all around the world, depending on weather and soil.
Countries usually produce more than they use and export, or trade to other countries, the surplus.
Some countries will import, or buy surplus from other countries, the materials they need.

26. Barriers to Trade and Free Trade
Governments set tariffs, or tax added to price of goods, to make some money on surplus goods.
Some put quota, or number limit, on how many items can be imported from other countries.
Free trade means removing barriers so that goods flow more freely from country to country.
NAFTA(North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement) and EU (European Union) help create free trade.

27. Differences in Development
Developed countries are countries that have many manufacturing plants.
Most of North America, Europe, and Japan fit this role.
Developing countries are countries that may be rich in resources, but just farm to survive, and may be working toward industrialization.
Africa, South America, and most of Asia fit this.
Some countries like China, Taiwan, and Singapore are in the middle.

28. Lesson 4 Technology “shrinks” the World
Technology refers to ability of human beings to make things that help improve their life.
Communication and transportation have greatly advanced in the l00 years.
Steamboats was the 1st big innovation in transportation, taking people from San Francisco to New York in only 10 days.
U.S. post office was developed in 1789 and telephones in 1876.
Internet further developed this in the last 20 years.

29. Globalization
Civic participation is becoming more popular globally trying to get citizens around the world more involved in voting.
These citizens have rights and responsibilities.
Rights are benefits and protections guaranteed by law.
Responsibilities are duties that you owe to other citizens and your government.

30. Interdependence
Interdependence is when countries depend on each other for goods.
A war or disaster can cause prices of a product to rise because they make a certain product that everyone uses.
Developing countries do not have this interdependence, because they farm for a living.
Some countries worry that globalization, development of a world culture and interdependent economy, might erase some common traditions and customs of smaller global groups.