1. Neolithic Revolution and the Origins of Civilization1
Neolithic Revolution and the Origins of Civilization

2. The Neolithic Revolution
Invention of ??
agriculture
Lower yield from hunting
Animals domesticated - so what?
Dogs, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle
Neolithic revolution – why a revolution?
What about hunting and gathering ?
Early resistance

3. Map The Spread of Agriculture Agriculture appears to have spread in ways similar to human populations, but from a Middle Eastern rather than African epicenter. And in important cases, particularly in the Americas, a wide range of staple crops were known in only some parts of the world until Columbus’s voyage in the late-15th century brought together the civilizations of the Americas and Afro-Euroasia.
Map The Spread of Agriculture Agriculture appears to have spread in ways similar to human populations, but from a Middle Eastern rather than African epicenter. And in important cases, particularly in the Americas, a wide range of staple crops were known in only some parts of the world until Columbus’s voyage in the late-15th century brought together the civilizations of the Americas and Afro-Euroasia.

4. Agriculture and Change
Tribes to ??
villages
Advantages ??
Irrigation, defense
Organization of labor
Çatal Hüyük
c B.C.E., southern Turkey
Large complex
Agriculture, some trade
Shrines – so what?

5. FIGURE Excavation of the ancient settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now southern Turkey. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling had a substantial storeroom for food, the settlement was often the target of attacks by outsiders. The houses were joined together to provide protection from such attacks; when the outside entrances were barricaded, the complex was transformed into a fortress.
FIGURE Excavation of the ancient settlement at Çatal Hüyük, in what is now southern Turkey. Movement within the settlement was mainly across the roofs and terraces of the houses. Because each dwelling had a substantial storeroom for food, the settlement was often the target of attacks by outsiders. The houses were joined together to provide protection from such attacks; when the outside entrances were barricaded, the complex was transformed into a fortress.

6. Agriculture and Change
Bronze Age
Metal replaces stone tools.
Agricultural significance ?
Metalworking as specialized trade
Woodworking more elaborate
Craft manufacturing – why now? So what?
Wheel – key invention – why?
c B.C.E.
Advancements in commerce, war

7. Nomadic Societies Nomads Roaming herders on fringes of civilizations
Indo-Europeans
c B.C.E.
Xionghu (Huns)
From 4th century B.C.E.
Central Asia
Contributions of Nomads to historical evolution??

8. Nomadic Societies Nomadic Society and Culture Seasonal travel Animals
Harsh environment
Animals
Horses
Violence
Perceived as cruelty
Band of 30–15 people
Strong men as leaders; patriarchy

9. Nomadic Societies Nomads and Civilizations Invasions
Change population structure
Political leadership
Often peaceful, mutually beneficial relationship with agricultural societies
Trade

10. The Idea of Civilization in World Historical Perspective
Fundamental differences
Civilized vs. "savage," "inferior"
What makes one uncivilized
Greeks: barbarians = "those who cannot speak Greek"
Cultural attributes (language, dress, manners)
Shift did not happen until 18th–19th centuries.
Issues of race