1. Steroid Structure

2. Protein Structure and Function
Polymers made of amino acid monomers
Amino acids:
Central carbon bonded to carboxyl
Amino group
Hydrogen Atom
R group

3. Peptide Bonds Peptide Bond Protein function depends
Link amino acids
dehydration synthesis
Protein function depends
On # and order of amino
acids

4. Four levels of protein structure
Primary: sequence of amino acids
Secondary: refers to one of two 3D structures that result from H bonding
Alpha helix “spring”
Beta pleated sheet “accordion”
Tertiary: Complex globular shape
Result of interactions between R groups
Hydrophobic interactions
Van der Waals
Disulfide bridges
Quaternary: two or more polypeptides forming one large protein.

5. Levels of Protein Structure

6. Shape Dictates Function
Improper protein folding can lead to a variety of diseases
Cancer
Sickle-cell disease: abnormal hemoglobin
Prions
Alhezimers disease
Chaperonins:
assist in proper folding
Provide proper folding environment
Denaturation
Protein looses shape and or function
Heat pH
Salt concentrations

7. Chaperonin

8. Alzheimer's disease
Beta-amyloid is a fragment from a larger protein called amyloid precursor protein APP.
Cut by enzymes
Leads to plaque formation
Plaques disrupt calcium concentration, accumulate on mitochondria, induce apoptosis

9. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Research from Drs. Yang and Meadowcroft at the Penn State Hershey Med Center, Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Research.

10. Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary information
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Both have monomer nucleotides
Nucleotides 3 parts
Nitrogenous Base: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uralic
Pentose: 5 carbon sugar
Phosphate:

11. Nucleic Acid Structure

12. DNA & RNA DNA is the molecule of heredity RNA Double stranded helix
Composed of
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
G bonds C
A bonds T
RNA
Single Stranded
Uracil

13. Monomer & Polymer Summary Table
Macromolecule/Polymer
Monomers/Components
Examples
Functions
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Sugar, starch, glycogen, cellulose
Energy, energy storage, structural
Lipids
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
Fats, Oils
Energy source, insulation
Proteins
Amino Acids
Hmoglobin, Ppsin
Enzymes, movemnent
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
DNA, RNA
Heredity; code for amino acid sequence

14. Concept Check
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
Describe why phospholipids are important components of cell membranes, based on their structure and properties
Hydrolysis is involved in
A. Formation of starch
B. hydrogen bond formation between nucleic acids
C. Peptide bond formation of proteins
They hydrophilic interactions of lipids
The digestion of maltose to glucose
Compare and Contrast DNA vs RNA

15. Concept Check Responses
Carboxyl (the acid part), amino (the amino part)
Polar head, apolar tail, bilayer, fluid, semipermeable membrane
E is correct, hydrolysis, hydro-water, lysis-splits. Look for a large polymer split to monomer.
DNA double stranded RNA Single stranded, DNA Thymidine, RNA Uracil, DNA deoxyribose, RNA ribose