1. Basic Biology Review

2. Human Body Organization
Levels
1. Chemical 2. Cellular 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organismic

3. Chemical Level Elements Molecules Compounds Macromolecules Ions H C O
NaCl
KCl
Ions
Na+ K+
Cl-
Ca++
Mg++
Molecules O2
CO2
C6H12O6
Macromolecules
Proteins
amino acids
Lipids
fatty Acids
Carbohydrates
monosaccharides
Nucleic Acids
nucleotides

4. Cellular Level
Chromatin

5. Tissue Level Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue

6. Organ Level Gastrointestinal Tract 1. Mouth Accessory Structures
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small Intestine
6. Large Intestine
Accessory Structures
1. Teeth
2. Tongue
3. Salivary Glands
4. Liver
5. Gallbladder
6. Pancreas

7. Organ System Level

8. Organismic Level Darwin sails around the world
and in South America is puzzled
by the absence of rabbits.
Instead he finds these rabbit-like Patagonian Hares or Mara (Dolichotis patagonum) that are not rabbits but have similar characteristics as rabbits.
He postulates that they must have evolved just like rabbits because of their similar environments

9. Animal Cell
Chromatin

10. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Bases/Base Pairs Nucleotides 1. 2.
3. Nitrogenous Base
Base Pairs:
A – T
C – G

11. DNA Organization Chromatin organized: DNA Histones
One Duplicated Chromosome

12. Human Chromosomes A Pair of Duplicated Chromosomes
Autosomes
Sex
Chromosomes
46 individual chromosomes / 23 pairs of chromosomes
they are the same - code for same type of trait
they are different - code for different version of trait

13. Understanding the Numbers
1 chromosome is 1 large DNA molecule
a gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides
ATTCCGTAGCTGATCGTAAAGGG
genes per chromosome
~25, ,000 genes per human genome

14. DNA Functions Pass on Genetic Material Replication Protein Synthesis
Mitosis
Meiosis
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Translation

15. Mitosis

16. Replication Making an exact copy of DNA
Occurs just prior to cell division
Double helix unwinds
DNA polymerase adds bases
Two exact copies are made

17. Embryongenesis - Week 1 Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass
(Embryonic Stem Cells)
Pluripotent Stem Cells

18. Embryogenesis Week 2 Embryonic Germ Cell Layers: Endoderm Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Multipotent Stem Cells

19. Cell Migration
Growth Cone

20. Radial Glia Act like scaffolding to assist movement of neurons during
development

21. Guide Posts Intermediate targets that help guide or
direct the growth cone
of the migrating cell
in the proper direction

22. Chemotropism Target Cell or Tissue
Target tissues or cells can release chemicals that will attract
the specific growth cones of migrating cells.

23. Differentiation

24. Schizophrenia Abnormality Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Disorganization

25. Neurobehavioral Hypothesis
Maternal/Fetal Evidence:
extensive maternal bleeding
prolonged labor
delivery complications
low birth weight
low head circumference
body length:body weight
multiparity
Anectodal Evidence
Dutch births during WWII
Season of birth effect
higher for winter pregnancies
parallel with virus exposure

26. Protein Synthesis Transcription DNA to mRNA Translation
mRNA to Protein

27. From Gene to Protein
DNA
RNA
Protein

28. Genetic Code
Codons
three base code
Code for specific
amino acids

29. Point Mutation Spontaneous Mutation Environmental Insult Mutagenesis
Carcinogenesis
Mutation is corrected

30. Point Mutation
Mutation is
not corrected
Mutation is
corrected

31. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mutation

32. Sickle-Cell Anemia Mutation

33. Two-Hit Hypothesis Born with 2 genes or alleles for any given disease:
one from mom
one from dad
If one is bad, this
increases your
chance of getting
the disease

34. Cancer in Women

35. Lung Cancer