Multicultural Social Community Development Institute ( MSCDI)

Multicultural Social Community Development Institute ( MSCDI)
BITs and Bytes Fundamentals of Computer Nizam Mahmood IT Consultant

What is a Computer ? A Computer is programmable machine. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: 1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). Modern computers are electronic and digital. Hardware : Wires, transistors, and circuits the instructions Software : Instructions and data are called software. 2

Basic Structure of a Computer 3

What is Operating System? Operating system (OS) is the interface between user and machine. Computer doesn’t understand human language ,OS translate human language into machine understandable language ( Digital signal) Operating Systems Tasks : 1. Recognizing input from the keyboard 2. Sending output to the display screen 3. keeping track of files and directories on the disk 4. Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. 5. Responsible for security, ensuring that unauthorized users do not access the system. 6

Characteristics of an Operating Systems Multi-user : Allows two or more users to run programs at the same time. Some operating systems permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users. Multiprocessing : Supports running a program on more than one CPU. Multitasking : Allows more than one program to run concurrently. Multithreading : Allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently. Real time: Responds to input instantly. General-purpose operating systems, such as DOS and UNIX, are not real-time. 7

Types of Operating Systems 8

Computer Hardware 9

Computer Motherboard 10

Power Supply Power Supply converts incoming 110V or 220V AC (Alternating Current) into various DC (Direct Current) voltages A standard power supply would typically be able to deliver around 350 Watts. 11

CPU The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is a piece of hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of a computer system. The CPU is like the brains of the computer - every instruction, no matter how simple, has to go through the CPU. The CPU is sometimes also referred to as the central processor unit, or processor for short. 12

CPU How does a CPU Work? The processor/CPU performs three basic functions such as: It accepts input. Processes data. Provides output 13

CPU Socket 14

CPU Information 15

Hyper-Threading Technology Threads are series of software instructions. Normal processors can only process one thread at a time. Hyper-Threading Technology is a form of simultaneous multithreading technology introduced by Intel. Architecturally, a processor with Hyper-Threading Technology consists of two logical processors per core, each of which has its own processor architectural state. Each logical processor can be individually halted, interrupted or directed to execute a specified thread, independently from the other logical processor sharing the same physical core. 16

Dual Core Technology Dual-core processors. which hold two processors in one chip. These chips will find use in servers and high performance pc’s. A dual core Pentium 4 with Hyper-Threading enabled will in fact operate as a virtual quad-core processor 17

Memory Computer memory is just like a container that stores data and programs currently being executed by the computer. It is important that the information is fetched by the CPU quickly to further processing. Memory also know as RAM (Random Access Memory) 18

Memory 19

Hard Disk A magnetic disk on which we can store computer data permanently . A hard disk is really a set of stacked "disks," each of which, like phonograph records, has data recorded electromagnetically in concentric circles or "tracks" on the disk. A "head" (something like a phonograph arm but in a relatively fixed position) records (writes) or reads the information on the tracks. Two heads, one on each side of a disk, read or write the data as the disk spins. Each read or write operation requires that data be located, which is an operation called a "seek." Sections within each track are called sectors. A sector is the smallest physical storage unit on a disk, and is almost always 512 bytes (0.5 KB) in size. 20

Hard Disk 21

Inside Hard Disk 22

Hard Disk Cable 23

Connecting Hard Disk with Mother Board 24

Connecting Hard Disk with Mother Board 25

Ports 26

Ports Serial Port : Serial Ports is also known as RS-232 Parallel Port : Parallel data transmission involves sending data simultaneously on several channels (wires). The parallel ports can be used to send 8 bits (one octet) simultaneously via 8 wires. USB Port : USB (Universal Serial Bus) is designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become common place on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices. 27

USB Ports 28

CPU- Cache Memory Moving data between RAM and the CPU's registers is one of the most time-consuming operations a CPU must perform, simply because RAM is much slower than the CPU. A Cache (pronounced cash) memory is extremely fast memory, which hold the most recently used data and instructions. When a program is running and the CPU needs to read data or program instructions from RAM, the CPU checks first to see whether the data is in cache memory. If the data is not there, the CPU reads the data from RAM into its registers, but it also loads a copy of the data into cache memory. The next time the CPU needs that same data, it finds it in the cache memory and saves the time needed to load the data from RAM. There are 2 types of cache memory, L1 and L2, the difference being their speed and size. L1, or level 1 cache is much faster, but also holds a lot less data than L2, or level 2 cache. Many PCs sold today have 512 KB, 1024 KB, or 2 Mb of L2 cache memory. 29

CPU- Cache Memory 30

How CPU, Memory and HD Integration works 31

How CPU, Memory and HD Integration works Virtual memory is a space inside Hard Disk . Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system (OS) that allows a computer to compensate for shortages of physical memory by temporarily transferring pages of data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage. 32

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