1. Chapter 19 Food Resources: A Challenge For Agriculture

2. Overview of Chapter 19 Food and Nutrition World Food Problems
Principle Types of Agriculture
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
Environmental Impact of Agriculture
Solutions to Agricultural Problems
Fisheries of the World

3. Food and Nutrition Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches metabolized by cellular respiration to produce energy
Proteins
Large, complex molecules composed of amino acids that perform critical roles in body
Lipids
Include fats and oils and are metabolized by cellular respiration to produce energy
Vitamins and Minerals
Inorganic elements such as zinc & iron
Vitamins are complex molecules need in small amounts

4. Human Foods

5. World Food Problems Feeding growing population is difficult
Annual grain production (left) has increased since 1970
Grain per person has not (right)

6. Food Insecurity
Regions in the world with greatest food insecurity are South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
low income = food deficits in countries
Problem is not producing enough food but distribution and intermittent problems such as famine and politics.
1. Undernourished – fewer calories than needed
2. Mal-nourished – getting food, but not enough specific essential nutrients (e.g. protein)
3. Over nourished – eat in excess of required for general
nutrition
4. Famine – severe food shortage

7. 2 Diseases of Malnutrition
Kwashiorkor- resulting from protein deficiency (big stomach)
Marasmus- emaciation from a diet low in calories and protein

8. World Food Problems Famine
Failure of crops caused by drought, flood or catastrophic event
Temporary but severe shortage of food
Maintaining World Grain Carryover Stockpiles
Amounts of rice, wheat, corn and other grains remaining from previous harvest
Provides measure of food security
Decreased each year since 1987
UN feels carryover stock should not fall below 70 days

9. World Grain Carryover Stock
Why the decline?
Rising temperatures
Falling water tables and droughts
Ethanol production
More grain is going towards feeding livestock
Animal products are 40% of diet in developed counties. 5% in developing

10. World Food Problems Poverty and Food
1.3 billion people are so poor they cannot afford proper nutrition
More common in
Rural than urban areas
Infants, children and the elderly
Economics and Politics
Cost money to store, produce, transport and distribute food
Getting food to those who need it is political
Cultural Acceptance – what is food for one culture is not for another

11. Types of Diets Omnivores – eat both animals and plants Vegetarians
1. Lacto ovo – milk, eggs and food from
milk
2. Lacto-vegetarians – no eggs, milk and
milk products ok
3. Vegans – no milk, eggs or their
products

12. Principle Types of Agriculture
Industrialized agriculture
Modern agriculture methods that require large capital input, and less land and labor

13. Principle Types of Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
Traditional agricultural methods, which are dependent on labor and large amounts of land
Examples:
Shifting cultivation
Slash and burn agriculture- clearing small patches of tropical rain forests to plant crops
Nomadic herding – livestock on land to arid for crops. Herds moved to find grazing
Intercropping

14. Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock
Domestication and Genetic Diversity
Domestication of crops and livestock causes a loss of genetic diversity
Farmer selects and propagates animals with desirable agricultural characteristics
Many high yielding crops are genetically uniform
High likelihood that bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc. will attack and destroy entire crop

15. Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock
Increasing Crop Yield
Food production increased in developed countries (wheat (left)
Pesticides
Selective breeding

16. Green Revolution High Yielding Rice Varieties
Production of more food per acre of cropland using modern methods and new high yielding varieties
High Yielding Rice Varieties

17. Food Additives Sugar & salt are the 2 most common food additives
Common preservatives- sodium propionate & potassium sorbate
Other food additives- anti oxidants, nitrates/nitrites
Food & Drug Administration- responsible for monitoring food additives

18. Food Processing
Manual alteration via drying, canning, freezing, irradiation, curing & refrigeration
Food additives to enhance taste & color or texture, improve nutrition, reduce spoilage &/or extend self life

19. Challenges of Producing More Crop and Livestock
Increasing Livestock Yields
Hormone supplements
US and Canada do this
Europe does not citing human health concerns
Antibiotics
40% of antibiotics produced in US are used in livestock operations
Problems with increased bacteria resistance

20. Antibiotic Use and Resistance

21. Genetic Engineering
Manipulation of genes by taking specific gene from a cell of one species and placing it into the cell of an unrelated species

22. Issue with Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Determined to be safe for human consumption
Concerns about GMO seed or pollen spreading in wild
Backlash against GMOs
GMOs are not currently labeled
FDA finds it would be counterproductive and expensive to label

23. Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
High use of fossil fuels and pesticides
Air pollution
Untreated animal wastes and agricultural chemicals
Water pollution
Harms fisheries
Insects, weeds, and disease-causing organisms developing resistance to pesticides
Contaminate food supply

24. Environmental Impact of Agriculture
Land degradation
Decreases future ability of land to support crops or livestock
Habitat fragmentation
Breakup of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches
Cultivating marginal lands
Irrigating dry land
Cultivating land prone to erosion

25. Solutions to Agricultural Problems- Sustainable Agriculture

26. Sustainable Agriculture
Examples:
Natural Predator-prey relationships instead of pesticides
Crop selection
Crop rotation and conservation tillage
Supplying nitrogen with legumes
Organic agriculture
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Limited use of pesticides with sustainable agriculture practices

27. Fisheries of the World- Problems
No nation lays claim to open ocean
Resource susceptible to overuse and degradation
Overharvesting
Many species are at point of severe depletion
Cod (right)
62% of world’s fish stock are in need of management action

28. Fish/Aqua culture
Fish/Seafood popular cause they are a source of high quality protein (5% of human diet is seafood)
4 Main categories
1. Fish
2. Crustaceans
3. Mollusks
4. Algae

29. Fisheries of the World- Problems
Overharvesting (continued)
Sophisticated fishing equipment
Bycatch killed off
Magnuson Fisheries Conservation Act

30. Magnuson Fishery Conservation Act
Regulates U. S. Fishing
Established 8 regional fishery management councils.
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and
Management Act.
Requires regional councils and National Marin Fisheries Service

31. Fisheries of the World- Problems
Ocean Pollution - dumping ground
Oil
Heavy metals
Deliberate litter dumping
Stormwater runoff from cities and agricultural areas
Aquaculture (mariculture)
Growing of aquatic organisms for human consumption
Great potential to supply food

32. Fisheries of the World- Problems
Aquaculture (continued)
Locations of fisheries may hurt natural habitats. Potential for release of invasive exotics
Produce waste that pollutes adjacent water