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Choosing a Sanitizer

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What is Cleaning?
The Removal of Soil Particles from Surfaces by Mechanical, Manual, or Chemical Methods.

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What is Sanitizing?
The Treatment of a Cleaned Surface with a Chemical or Physical Agent to Destroy Disease / Spoilage Causing Organisms. Reduces Total Vegetative Cell Population to a “Safe Level”.

4. You Cannot Sanitize a Dirty Surface.
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Sanitizing
You Cannot Sanitize a Dirty Surface.

5. Types of Sanitizers Heat Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Iodine
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Heat
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
Iodine
Peroxyacetic Acid
Acid Sanitizers
Quats

6. Heat Hot Water is Used at 170° F for a Minimum of 5 Minutes.
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Heat
Hot Water is Used at 170° F for a Minimum of 5 Minutes.
Steam May be Used if the Outlet Temperature is a Minimum of 200° F for 5 Minutes.
NOTE: All Equipment Must Reach Minimum Times and Temperatures.
HOT WATER SANITIZING: must be employed at a temperature of not less than 170ºF (76.7ºC) as determined at the discharge point, for at least five minutes. Hot water sanitizing is very effective for either raw or pasteurized product contact surfaces. Enclosed systems are easiest to sanitize with hot water but even tanks can be hot water sanitized. Many times problem equipment and systems respond best to hot water sanitizing.
STEAM SANITIZING: may be employed in a closed system when the temperature of the drainage at the outlet is not less than 200ºF (93.3ºC) for at least five minutes. Steam is not normally recommended because of heat stresses; waste of energy; detrimental effect on rubber; condensation; and other negative effects on plant operations.

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Chlorine
Hypochlorous Acid

8. Chlorine Made From a Combination of NaOH and Chlorine Gas.
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Chlorine
Made From a Combination of NaOH and Chlorine Gas.
Forms OCl ( Hypochlorite Ion ) in Alkaline Solutions.
Forms HOCl ( Hypochlorous Acid ) in Neutral to Acidic Solutions.
Both Kill, HOCl is 80X More Effective.
Hypochlorites are the most common type of chlorine sanitizers used in the food and the dairy industry. They are economical and effective for plant use. Sodium or calcium hypochlorites at varying strengths may be purchased in either granular or liquid form. Chlorine in the undiluted form can be hazardous and corrosive. Care should be taken to prepare proper strengths and to prevent personal injury and damage to equipment. The bactericidal effect of active chlorine is best at neutral or weakly acidic condition and becomes less effective above a 8.5pH.

9. Ratios of HOCl-OCl at Various pH’s
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Ratios of HOCl-OCl at Various pH’s
USE CONCENTRATIONS:
50 to 100 ppm available chlorine should be employed for sanitizing large equipment and utensils, and 200 ppm for spraying applications of large equipment. The contact time for effective sanitation should be long enough to produce complete kill of bacteria; usually 10 seconds or longer.
Chlorine is very sensitive to pH.

10. Chlorine Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum
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Advantages:
Broad Spectrum
Kills Spores and Phage
Liquids or Powders
OK in Hard Water
Inexpensive
Disadvantages:
Corrosive
Irritating to Skin
Very pH Sensitive
Sensitive to Organics
Keep Below 120° F.

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Chlorine Dioxide Cl O O

12. Chlorine Dioxide More Effective than “Regular” Chlorine.
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Chlorine Dioxide
More Effective than “Regular” Chlorine.
Chlorine has 2 Electron Receivers, Chlorine Dioxide has Five. 2 ½ more Oxidizing Power.
Used at Very Low Concentrations. (.5 to 5 ppm)
Generated On-Site.
Excellent for Water Treatment.
ClO2
Chlorine dioxide is not another form of chlorine; it does not chlorinate
ClO2 is an oxidant with a low redox potential; it has the lowest oxidizing potential of any oxidizing sanitizer
It is not corrosive at use dilutions
ClO2 is very efficient against vegetative cells, i.e. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts and molds, viruses, algae and protozoa with little to no effect on human animal and fish cells.
ClO2 has proven to be a good solution when dealing with biofilms.
ClO2 can be applied via foam, fog, added to the incoming water supply or used as a sanitizing solution.
ClO2 will reduce iron from Fe2 to Fe3, converting it from soluble to insoluble iron
ClO2 is pH tolerant; killing organisms as well at a pH of 2 as it does at a pH of 10
ClO2 does not create THMs or other chlorinated degradation components; it degrades to sodium chlorite and sodium chlorate.
ClO2 is used at much lower concentrations than other antimicrobials. It is at least as effective at 1 ppm as chlorine at 100 ppm or quaternary ammonia at 200 ppm.

13. Chlorine Dioxide Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum
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Advantages:
Broad Spectrum
Kills Spores / Phages
OK in Hard Water
Very Economical
Safe for Environment
Wide pH Range
No THM’s (Trihalomethanes)
Bio-film Removal
Tolerate High Organic Load
Low Organoleptic Impact
Disadvantages:
May Gas-Off
On-Site Generators
Needs Special Training
Must Follow Directions
Unlike chlorine and hypochlorite, ClO2 does not react with water to produce corrosive hypochlorous acid. Brass, aluminum, mild steel, and other soft metals are not attacked as they would be if chlorine or peracetic acid solutions were used.
Unlike chlorine, ClO2 is not a chlorinating agent. It does not react with organics in water to produce suspected carcinogens such as chloroform and chlorinated phenolics. Nor does it react with ammonia to form chloramines. ClO2 is a powerful deodorizer, in that it oxidizes and destroys odor causing compounds, including rapid destruction of hydrogen sulfide.
ClO2 and its precursors are EPA, USDA and FDA approved for a number of different uses in food and dairy processing plants. When it is used to treat incoming water, it destroys phenolics, chlorophenolics, sulfides, cyanides, nitrites and other problem contaminants formed by pre-chlorination treatment.

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Iodophors

15. Iodine Very Successful Since the 1940s.
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Iodine
Very Successful Since the 1940s.
Similar to Chlorine in Killing Microbes.
Surfactant + Iodine = Iodophore
Used at Very Low Concentrations.
Iodophors are a combination of iodine with non-ionic wetting agents, and are acidified for stability. Iodophors are generally less corrosive at proper use concentrations than chlorine sanitizers. The lower the pH the more effective the iodine sanitizer.

16. Iodine Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum Color Coded
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Iodine
Advantages:
Broad Spectrum
Color Coded
Non-Irritating
Manual Use
Stable Solutions
CIP Use
Economical
Disadvantages:
pH Sensitive
Use Under 120° F
Odor
Corrosive if Abused

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Acid Sanitizers

18. Acid Sanitizers Combinations of Acids and Surfactants or Fatty Acids.
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Acid Sanitizers
Combinations of Acids and Surfactants or Fatty Acids.
They Kill by Shutting Down the Cell Membrane.
Many Different Types.
Used Since 1954.
Acid Sanitizers: are a mixture of acids and wetting agents. Their germicidal properties are based upon the lower pH and the activity of the wetting agents at this low pH. They are generally slower acting than halogen sanitizers like hypochlorite sanitizers.
Acid sanitizers are most effective at a pH of , with many becoming ineffective above 4 pH.

19. Acid Sanitizers Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum pH Sensitive
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Advantages:
Broad Spectrum
High Anti-microbial Against G-
Organic Tolerant
Acid Rinse
Stable Solutions
Non-Corrosive to SS
OK in Hard Water
CIP, and Manual Use
Wide Temperature Range
Disadvantages:
pH Sensitive
Some Foam in CIP
Variable Phage Kill
Contains Phosphate
Slower Than Cl or I2
Corrosive to Soft Metals

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Peracetic Acid

21. Peroxyacetic Acid Combination of Acetic Acid and H2O2.
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Peroxyacetic Acid
Combination of Acetic Acid and H2O2.
Used World Wide Since Around
Used in U.S. Since mid-80s.
Kills by Oxidation
Mixtures of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (peroxyacetic acid) have been shown to have excellent oxidizing properties and to be effective against a broad range of bacteria. These are highly corrosive, difficult to handle, and should be used with caution.

22. Peroxyacetic Acid Advantages: Disadvantages: Broad Spectrum No Foam
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Peroxyacetic Acid
Advantages:
Broad Spectrum
No Foam
Environmentally Safe
Good on Bio-films
Stable Solutions
Wide pH Range
Disadvantages:
Strong Oxidizer
Pungent Odor
Not an Acid Rinse
Special Training Needed
Limited Manual Use

23. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
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Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

24. Quats Combination of Cationic Surfactants and Water.
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Quats
Combination of Cationic Surfactants and Water.
Many Varied Formulas.
Used for Over 50 Years.
Kill by Shutting Down the Cell Membrane.
Usually Product of Choice for Environmental Sanitizing
General Denaturizing of Cell Proteins.
Inactivation of Enzymes Essential to Cell Metabolism.
Disruption of Cell Membranes, Permeability Barriers.
Alteration of Cell Permeability.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: These are commonly called “Quats". They are non-corrosive to dairy equipment, and their germicidal activity is less affected by the presence of organic matter than other sanitizers. The bactericidal effectiveness of quaternary ammonium compounds is influenced by the hardness of the water. Acidified Quats may be used to combat the affect of hard, alkaline water. They are also less effective against certain spoilage (gram negative) bacteria. Recent data indicates that acidified quaternary compounds may offer substantial protection against Listeria.

25. Quats Low Activity for G- Advantages: Disadvantages: Low Toxicity
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Quats
Advantages:
Low Toxicity
Non-Irritating
Non-Corrosive
Heat/Organic Stable
High Activity for G+
Yeast/Mold Control
Residual
Non-Volatile
Can be Acidified
Disadvantages:
Low Activity for G-
Anionic Contamination Reduces Activity
Residual
Foam in CIP
USE CONCENTRATIONS:
As a disinfectant of equipment 200 ppm (1:500) was found to be sufficient to reduce bacterial counts, while on non-food contact surfaces ppm may give best results.

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Hydrogen Peroxide

27. Hydrogen Peroxide Strong Oxidizing Agents Strong Bactericide
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Hydrogen Peroxide
Strong Oxidizing Agents
Strong Bactericide
Ability to Make Environment Unsuitable for Organism Growth
Exercise Extreme Care in Handling Hydrogen Peroxide.
Strong Oxidizing Agent
Potentially Explosive
General De-naturation of Cell Proteins.
Inactivation of Enzymes Essential to Cell Metabolism.
Disruption of Cell Membranes, Permeability Barriers.
Alteration of Cell Permeability.
Peroxide is a strong oxidant and should be stored away from fuel sources and sources of catalytic contamination. Apart from obvious fire risks, peroxide vapor can react with hydrocarbons and alcohols to form contact explosives. Because oxygen is formed during the natural decomposition of the peroxide, the resulting increase in pressure can cause a container (e.g. made of glass) to shatter. Peroxide should be kept cool, as peroxide vapor can detonate above 70 °C.

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Test – Test - Test

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Know the Effect on ATP

30. Comparing Properties of Common Sanitizers
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Comparing Properties of Common Sanitizers
Good day, as you now know, my name is Don and today I’ll be comparing the properties of sanitizers.
But before I begin, I must remind you that you cannot sanitize a dirty surface.

31. Sanitizers of Interest
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Sanitizers of Interest
Chlorine Sanitizer
ClO2 Sanitizer
Iodine Sanitizer
Quat Sanitizers
Acid Sanitizers
PAA Sanitizer
Na O Cl
CH CH3
CH3 CH CH2 CH CH
CH2
O (CH2CH2O)9
CH3
R N CH3
CH2
Most sanitizers in the marketplace fall into these 6 broad categories.
Chlorine sanitizers such as sodium hypochlorite, the powdered isocyanurate. Chlorine Dioxide sanitizer is called ClO2.
Iodine sanitizers are generally iodophors, iodine stabilized in surfactant and acid.
Quaternary ammonium sanitizers are generally called quats. There are many varieties available. One subset I’ll mention later are the acid quats.
Acid type sanitizers generally are blends of surfactants and acids. There are high and low foaming varieties of this sanitizer available.
Peracid sanitizers, or peroxyacetic acid sanitizers, consist of peracetic acid formed by combining acetic acid (vinegar) with hydrogen peroxide.
I need to mention that heat, in the form of steam and hot water, is also an excellent sanitizer which performs as well as any that I will be talking about today. (180 F for 5 minutes)
C2H5
CH3(CH2)4CH(CH2)6CH3 O
CH3 C O OH
SO3

32. Microbial Specificity
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With this, I am trying to illustrate the efficacy of the sanitizers on a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to yeast and molds and to your more difficult spore formers.
Note example organisms
G negative: pseudomonas, salmonella, e. coli
G positive: staphylococcus
Spore former: bacillus and clostridium (gram positive)
First, all the sanitizers tend to be broad spectrum sanitizers though the quats can be ineffective against some gram negative bacteria.
Second, consider the product you are manufacturing and their hazards- then choose an appropriate product. For example: If in a cut vegetable plant you have a mold problem then you may want to avoid an acid type product.

33. Germicidal Speed Slowest Fastest 11/14/2018 10:54 PM
I’m not implying that sanitizers are slow by this slide. In fact, the efficacy test that have to be done for registration are only 30 second tests. (hard surface sanitizes are required by law to significantly reduce bacterial counts (5 logs-E. coli and S. aureus) within 30 seconds.). So they all are fast in absolute terms and the speed issue becomes irrelevant in selecting a sanitizer.
Some, though, are notably faster than others, the peracids compared to the quats for example. Still, its hard to make generalizations because, as I mentioned before there are large differences within the groups. There are so many different quaternary ammonium compound formulations, each with a different kill speed that I am sure there are probably differences of an order of magnitude between the fastest and the slowest quats.
Slowest
Fastest

34. Effective pH Range
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Most of the sanitizers have an ideal pH range- outside of which their effectiveness decreases.
The acid anionics clearly have the smallest effective pH range of 1.9 – 4.0.
The iodophors require a pH of <4 and the peracids <5.
Sodium hypochlorite requires a controlled pH of <8.5, but no lower than 4 or the potential for the release of chlorine gas increases substantially.
The quats are not pH dependent- though some are formulated with acid.

35. pH Considerations What is the pH of your Water?
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What is the pH of your Water?
Acid Sanitizer: Phosphoric Acid 50%
Use Ratio: 1 to 6
Acid Sanitizer: Phosphoric Acid 30%
Use Ratio: 1 to 10

36. Use Cost Relative to Chlorine
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Use Cost Relative to Chlorine
This is a comparison of the per use cost between the common sanitizers relative to the chlorine sanitizer here at the bottom.
The cost comparison is relative and approximate, I haven’t considered freight, package sizes, or differing manufacturer’s costs. There can be large differences within the groups which make comparing use cost difficult. This graphic basically illustrates the low cost of sodium hypochlorite and the relatively high cost of peracids.

37. At use dilution - based on a scale of 1 to 10
Corrosion Potential
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The chlorine sanitizers are potentially the most corrosive of the sanitizers, especially when used improperly (at low pHs or elevated temperatures).
The acid anionic sanitizers generally contain DDBSA and small quantities of sulfuric acid which is some-what corrosive to most metals, even more so in high chloride water.
The free iodine active sanitizer is also slightly corrosive, again in water with high chloride levels.
The peroxyacetic acid is slightly corrosive to mild steel and copper but not to 304 and 316 stainless steel or aluminum.
Quats are generally not corrosive in their use dilution.
At use dilution - based on a scale of 1 to 10

38. Stability - Under Ideal Conditions
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Stability - Under Ideal Conditions
Concentrated in the drum,represented by the dark narrow bars and measured in months, the surfactant sanitizers (quats, and acid type) are very stable.
The oxidizing sanitizers (chlorine, iodine, and peracids) are quite reactive and prone to decomposition, sodium hypochlorite being the worst.
Diluted, represented by the light bars and measured in days on the top axis, the oxidizing sanitizers have a much shorter life. Note that when diluted, the peracid and iodophors are nearly as unstable as sodium hypochlorite.
Sanitizers, used in CIP or other mechanical operations cannot be re-used and sanitizers used for manual operations should be prepared each shift or when its activity drops.

39. Foaming Potential Foam levels at “no rinse” use dilutions.
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The acid anionics, quats, and iodophors all contain surfactants that generate foam to differing degrees.
Depending on where and how the sanitizer is used, foam can be an advantage or disadvantage
Foam levels at “no rinse” use dilutions.

40. On a scale of 1 to 10 - 10 having the greatest impact.
Environmental Impact
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The peracids have the lowest environmental impact because those most commonly used decompose to water, oxygen, and acetic acid (vinegar); all benign and non-toxic in low quantities.
Iodophors, quats, and acid anionic are mid-range in this category; not particularly troublesome but slow to biodegrade.
In addition to biodegradability issues, acid-type sanitizers can be produced with relatively large quantities of phosphoric acid that can contribute to elevated phosphate levels which are considered environmentally unsavory.
Chlorine has the worst perception environmentally, from dioxin in the pulp and paper industry to the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs). Chlorine dioxide, on the other hand, does not form THM.
On a scale of 1 to having the greatest impact.

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Thank You