1. Exercise 34
Blood

2. Composition of Blood Blood is sticky
Color varies from scarlet to dark red
The pH of blood is 7.35–7.45
Temperature is 38C
Average volume: 5–6 L for males, and 4–5 L for females

3. Composition of Blood
It is composed of liquid plasma and formed elements
Formed elements include:
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs)
Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets

4. Blood Plasma - Matrix
Blood plasma contains over 100 solutes, including:
Water – 90%
Proteins – albumin, globulins, clotting proteins, and others
Organic nutrients – glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids
Electrolytes – sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate
Respiratory gases – oxygen and carbon dioxide

5. Components of Whole Blood
Figure 17.1

6. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles
Filled with hemoglobin (Hb), a protein that functions in gas transport
Red or pink
4.5million to 5.0 million cells/mm3
Life span – 100 to 120 days

7. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Figure 17.3

8. Components of Whole Blood
Figure 17.2

9. Leukocytes (WBCs) 4000-11000 cells/mm3 Nucleated Diapedesis
Divided into 2 groups:
Granulocytes and agranulocytes

10. Granulocytes Granulocytes – neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically (acidic, basic, or both) with Wright’s stain
Are larger and usually shorter-lived than RBCs
Have lobed nuclei

11. Neutrophils Neutrophils have two types of granules that:
Take up both acidic and basic dyes
Give the cytoplasm a lilac color
Neutrophils are our first body’s defense
Increase in bacterial infections
40% - 70% of all WBCs
Nucleus with 3 to 7 lobes

12. Eosinophils Eosinophils account for 1–4% of WBCs
Have red-staining, bilobed nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material
Have red to crimson (acidophilic) large, coarse, lysosome-like granules
Lead the body’s counterattack against parasitic worms. Increased in allergic patients
Lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes

13. Basophils Account for 0.5% of WBCs and:
Have U- or S-shaped nuclei with two or three conspicuous constrictions
Are functionally similar to mast cells
Have large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules that contain histamine.
Mediates inflammatory reactions

14. Agranulocytes Agranulocytes – lymphocytes and monocytes:
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Are similar structurally, but are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types
Have spherical (lymphocytes) or kidney-shaped (monocytes) nuclei

15. Lymphocytes Account for 25% or more of WBCs and:
Have large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm
Responsible for immunologic responses
Smallest type of leukocytes
There are two types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells
T cells function in the immune response
B cells produce antibodies

16. Monocytes Monocytes account for 4–8% of leukocytes
They are the largest leukocytes
They have abundant pale-blue cytoplasms
They have purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
They leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages
Increases in chronic infections

17. Leukocytes
Figure 17.10

18. Platelets
Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes with a blue-purple color
Irregular shape
250, ,000/mm3
Platelets function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
Thrombocytosis
Thrombopenia

19. Hematologic Tests Total WBCs count Total RBCs count Leukocytosis
Leukopenia
Leukemia
Total RBCs count
Polycythemia
Anemia

20. Hematologic Tests Differential WBCs count
Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PVC)
Obtained by centrifuging the whole blood
Normal male: 47
Normal female: 42
Hemoglobin concentration
Male normal value: 13-18g/100ml of blood
Female normal value: 12-16g/100ml of blood

21. Hematologic Tests Sedimentation rate
It is the speed at which RBCs settle to the bottom of a vertical tube
Adult normal value: 0 to 6 mm/hr
It is increased in anemia, infections, tissue necrosis, pregnancy
It is decreased in polycythemia

22. Hematologic Tests Bleeding time Coagulation time
Measurement of how long a bleeding lasts
It tests the health of the platelets
Normal rate: 0 to 5 minutes (or 2 to 7) depending on the method used
Coagulation time
Normal value:2 to 6 minutes
It tests the coagulation factors

23. Hematologic Tests – blood typing
RBC membranes have glycoprotein antigens on their external surfaces
These antigens are:
Unique to the individual
Recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual
Promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens
Presence or absence of these antigens is used to classify blood groups

24. Blood Groups
The antigens of the ABO and Rh blood groups cause vigorous transfusion reactions when they are improperly transfused
Other blood groups (M, N, Dufy, Kell, and Lewis) are mainly used for legalities
Antibodies are also called agglutinins

25. ABO Blood Groups The ABO blood groups consists of: Type A blood:
Has antigens A on the surface of their RBCs
Has antibodies anti-B in their plasma
Type B blood:
Has antigens B on the surface of their RBCs
Has antibodies anti-A in their plasma

26. ABO Blood Groups Type AB blood: Type O blood:
Has both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs
Has no antibodies in their plasma
Type O blood:
Has no antigens on the surface of their RBCs
Has anti-A and anti-B in their plasma

27. ABO Blood Groups
Table 17.4

28. Rh Blood Groups
There are eight different Rh agglutinogens, three of which (C, D, and E) are common
Presence of the Rh agglutinogens on RBCs is indicated as Rh+
Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in Rh– individuals
However, if an Rh– individual receives Rh+ blood, anti-Rh antibodies form
A second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction

29. Blood Typing
When serum containing anti-A or anti-B agglutinins is added to blood, agglutination will occur between the agglutinin and the corresponding agglutinogens
Positive reactions indicate agglutination

30. Blood type being tested
Blood Typing
Blood type being tested
RBC agglutinogens
Serum Reaction
Anti-A
Anti-B AB
A and B + B – A O
None