1. The Cold War Era and the Emergence of a New Europe
Chapter 21 (Part 1)
The Cold War Era and the Emergence of a New Europe

2. Bettmann/CORBIS—All rights reserved
A statue of Queen Victoria is removed from the front of the Supreme Court building in Georgetown, former capital of the British colony of Guyana, in February 1970, in preparation for the transition to independence. Decolonization represented as dramatic a transition in world political relations as had the establishment of European empires in the nineteenth-century Victorian age. Bettmann/CORBIS—All rights reserved
A statue of Queen Victoria is removed from the front of the Supreme Court building in Georgetown, former capital of the British colony of Guyana, in February 1970, in preparation for the transition to independence. Decolonization represented as dramatic a transition in world political relations as had the establishment of European empires in the nineteenth-century Victorian age.
Bettmann/CORBIS—All rights reserved

3. The Emergence of the Cold War
American President Truman worked hard to avoid Russian intervention against Japan in World War II (perhaps partially the reason for the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki)
The Americans had the strongest military forces in the world but made no attempt to roll back Soviet power in Europe

4. The Emergence of the Cold War (cont.)
America’s peacetime goals reflected American ideals and served American interests
The USSR wished to expand its borders and influence to ensure its security and pave the way for worldwide domination

5. Truman’s Containment Policies
Containment – resist Soviet expansion with the expectation that the USSR would eventually collapse from internal pressures and the burden of its foreign oppression
The Truman Doctrine – U.S. pledged to support free people resisting oppression

6. Truman’s Containment Policies (cont.)
The Marshall Plan – Provided broad U.S. economic aid to European states as long as they worked together for their mutual benefit. The Plan restored prosperity to Western Europe

7. Map 29–1 TERRITORIAL CHANGES IN EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR II The map shows the shifts in territory that followed the defeat of the Axis. No treaty of peace formally ended the war with Germany.
Map 29–1 TERRITORIAL CHANGES IN EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR II The map shows the shifts in territory that followed the defeat of the Axis. No treaty of peace formally ended the war with Germany.

8. Hulton Archive Photos/Getty Images, Inc.
President Harry Truman greets Secretary of State George Marshall returning from Europe. Truman and Marshall were the architects of American foreign policy during the early years of the Cold War. Hulton Archive Photos/Getty Images, Inc.
President Harry Truman greets Secretary of State George Marshall returning from Europe. Truman and Marshall were the architects of American foreign policy during the early years of the Cold War.
Hulton Archive Photos/Getty Images, Inc.

9. Communists in Eastern Europe
Stalin formed Cominform among international communist parties in the effort to spread communism around the globe
After the Soviets expelled the democratic government in Czechoslovakia, it was clear that there would not be multiparty political systems in Eastern Europe

10. The Postwar Division of Germany
The Russians dismantled the Germans in the east, while the other Allies favored rebuilding Germany in the west
Berlin Blockade – the Russians’ attempt to take over the capital city of Berlin by blockading it from the Allies fails when the Allies airlift supplies into the city

11. The Postwar Division of Germany (cont.)
Germany is split into two – the democratic West Germany or German Federal Republic and the communist East Germany or German Democratic Republic

12. Art Resource/Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz
The Allied airlift in action during the Berlin Blockade. Every day for almost a year Western planes supplied the city until Stalin lifted the blockade in May Art Resource/Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz
The Allied airlift in action during the Berlin Blockade. Every day for almost a year Western planes supplied the city until Stalin lifted the blockade in May 1949.
Art Resource/Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz

13. Map 29–2 OCCUPIED GERMANY AND AUSTRIA At the war’s end, defeated Germany, including Austria, was occupied by the victorious Allies in the several zones shown here. Austria, by prompt agreement, was reestablished as an independent, neutral state, no longer occupied. The German zones hardened into an “East” Germany (the former Soviet zone) and a “West” Germany (the former British, French, and American zones). Berlin, within the Soviet zone, was similarly divided.
Map 29–2 OCCUPIED GERMANY AND AUSTRIA At the war’s end, defeated Germany, including Austria, was occupied by the victorious Allies in the several zones shown here. Austria, by prompt agreement, was reestablished as an independent, neutral state, no longer occupied. The German zones hardened into an “East” Germany (the former Soviet zone) and a “West” Germany (the former British, French, and American zones). Berlin, within the Soviet zone, was similarly divided.

14. Alliance Systems
The democratic nations of Western Europe, along with Canada and the United States, form an alliance of mutual assistance known as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

15. Alliance Systems (cont.)
The Council of Mutual Assistance (COMECON), completely controlled by the Soviets, is given formal recognition by the Warsaw Pact, which united the eastern European communist nations
Cold War takes shape and ends up in flash points in the Middle East, Asia, and North America

16. Map 29–3 MAJOR COLD WAR EUROPEAN ALLIANCE SYSTEMS The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which includes both Canada and the United States, stretches as far east as Turkey. By contrast, the Warsaw Pact nations were the contiguous Communist states of Eastern Europe, with the Soviet Union, of course, as the dominant member.
Map 29–3 MAJOR COLD WAR EUROPEAN ALLIANCE SYSTEMS The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which includes both Canada and the United States, stretches as far east as Turkey. By contrast, the Warsaw Pact nations were the contiguous Communist states of Eastern Europe, with the Soviet Union, of course, as the dominant member.

17. A Jewish State is Created
British Balfour Declaration – Arthur Balfour, British Foreign Secretary, declares that he favors the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine
Arabs consider the Jews invaders and violent conflict emerges

18. A Jewish State is Created (cont.)
In the 1947 United Nations Resolution, the British turn the area over to the United Nations, who partition the territory into two states: one Arab and one Jewish
Cold War implications – United States and Israel become firm allies, while the Soviet Union supports the Arabs

19. A Jewish State is Created (cont.)
May 14, 1948 – independence of a Jewish state, Israel, is declared with the support of U.S. President Harry Truman
First prime minister was David Ben-Gurion
Arab nations Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, and Iraq immediately invade Israel but are defeated in 1949, as Israel expands its borders

20. Map 29–4 ISRAEL AND ITS NEIGHBORS IN 1949 The territories gained by Israel in 1949 did not secure peace in the region. In fact, the disposition of those lands and the Arab refugees who live there has constituted the core of the region’s unresolved problems to the present day.
Map 29–4 ISRAEL AND ITS NEIGHBORS IN 1949 The territories gained by Israel in 1949 did not secure peace in the region. In fact, the disposition of those lands and the Arab refugees who live there has constituted the core of the region’s unresolved problems to the present day.

21. The Korean War
After World War II, Korea is divided into two states: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to the north, supported by the Soviet Union, and the Republic of Korea in the south, supported by the United States

22. The Korean War (cont.)
North Korea invades the South by crossing the 38th parallel separating the countries
A U.N. sponsored action has mainly the United States helping to defend South Korea
China helps support North Korea
President Eisenhower declares an armistice ending the war and keeping the borders the same to this very day

23. Map 29–5 KOREA, 1950–1953 This map indicates the major developments in the bitter three-year struggle that followed the North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950.
Map 29–5 KOREA, 1950–1953 This map indicates the major developments in the bitter three-year struggle that followed the North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950.

24. Vietnam and the Cold War
The United States, believing that North Vietnam was a puppet of the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China, form the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to combat the communists
France withdraws from South Vietnam in 1955, leaving Vietnamese political groups to fight for its power

25. Vietnam and the Cold War (cont.)
United States supports Ngo Dinh Diem, a strong anti-communist nationalist (but certainly not in favor of democracy)
The National Liberation Front with its military wing, the Viet Cong, make it a goal to overthrow Diem

26. Vietnam and the Cold War (cont.)
United States supports Ngo Dinh Diem, a strong anti-communist nationalist (but certainly not in favor of democracy)
Diem becomes more repressive
In 1963, Diem is assassinated by an army coup supported by the United States

27. Vietnam and the Cold War (cont.)
The United States, hoping for popular support in South Vietnam, support Nguyen Van Thieu as leader
Kennedy is assassinated and his successor Lyndon Johnson steps up the commitment to South Vietnam, especially after an attack on an American ship in the Gulf of Tonkin

28. The Vietnam War 1965–1973 – major bombing attacks of Vietnam
At war’s peak – 500,000 American troops are stationed in Vietnam – 58,000 Americans killed
1969 – Vietnamization – President Nixon’s policy to gradually withdraw troops from Vietnam

29. The Vietnam War (cont.)
Peace negotiations start in 1968, but no treaty until 1973
1975 – South Vietnamese troops evacuate the country but are routed by the North Vietnamese, turning all of Vietnam over to the communists; South Vietnam capital renamed Ho Chi Minh City

30. The Vietnam War (cont.) Consequences of war in Vietnam in the U.S.:
War hurt American prestige
Many European nations felt the United States neglected them to fight an aggressive colonial war
Produced enormous divisions and debates in the United States

31. U. S. troops engaged in combat in Vietnam
U.S. troops engaged in combat in Vietnam. At the war’s peak, more than 500,000 American troops were stationed in South Vietnam. The United States struggled in Vietnam for more than a decade, seriously threatening its commitment to Western Europe. U.S. Army Photo
U.S. troops engaged in combat in Vietnam. At the war’s peak, more than 500,000 American troops were stationed in South Vietnam. The United States struggled in Vietnam for more than a decade, seriously threatening its commitment to Western Europe.
U.S. Army Photo

32. Map 29–7 VIETNAM AND ITS SOUTHEAST ASIAN NEIGHBORS The map identifies important locations associated with the war in Vietnam.
Map 29–7 VIETNAM AND ITS SOUTHEAST ASIAN NEIGHBORS The map identifies important locations associated with the war in Vietnam.