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Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution The Making of Industrial Society
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Patterns of Industrialization
Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Patterns of Industrialization Technological developments made possible production by machine rather than by hand Inanimate sources of energy—coal, petroleum—harnessed Factory dominated industrial production Encouraged new divisions of labor, belt-driven assembly lines, mass production Expense of equipment led to formation of large businesses Coal in Great Britain played crucial role Previous use of wood led to wood shortages Large coal deposits in easy reach of water transport, centers of commerce, pools of labor Richness of coal deposits made Britain’s experience unique Americas supplied Europeans with growing volume of raw materials Plantation economies provided sugar and cotton; created markets for manufactured imports Consumer demand encouraged transformation of British cotton industry
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Mechanization of the Cotton Industry
Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Flying shuttle (1733), John Kay Sped up weaving output; stimulated demand for thread The “mule” (1779), Samuel Compton Could produce 100 times more thread than a manual wheel Power loom (1785), Edmund Cartwright Supplanted hand weavers in cotton industry by 1820s Steam Power Development of general-purpose steam engine, 1765, by James Watt Coal-fired Multiple uses Horsepower to measure energy generated Especially prominent in textile industry
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Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution
Iron and Steel 1709, British smelters began to use coke rather than charcoal Iron production skyrocketed Iron fittings and parts for stronger machinery Nineteenth century was age of steel 1856: Henry Bessemer built refined blast furnace, Bessemer converter Made production of steel faster and cheaper Transportation Railroads 1815: first steam-powered locomotive Rocket (1829), 28 mph Steamships Dense transportation networks developed 13,000 miles of railroads laid between 1830 and 1870 Rapid and inexpensive transportation encouraged industrialization
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The Factory System Early modern Europe had adopted “putting-out” system Individuals worked at home; employers avoided wage restrictions of medieval guilds Rising prices caused factories to replace both guilds and putting-out system Machines too large, expensive for home use Large buildings could house specialized laborers Urbanization guaranteed supply of cheap labor Working Conditions and Industrial Protest Dramatic shift from rural work rhythms Six days a week, fourteen hours a day Immediate supervision, punishments “Luddite” protest against machines, 1811–1816 Masked Luddites destroyed machinery, enjoyed popular support Movement died out after 14 Luddites hung in 1813
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Early Spread of Industrialization
Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution The Early Spread of Industrialization By mid-nineteenth century, industrialization had spread to France, Germany, Belgium, U.S. French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage Internal trade barriers abolished Dismantling of guilds that discouraged innovation and restricted movement of labor German industrialization proceeded more slowly But after 1871, Bismarck sponsored rapid industrialization Industrialization in North America Began in 1820s in New England with cotton textile industry 1870s, heavy iron and steel industries emerged in Pennsylvania, Alabama By 1900, United States an economic powerhouse, industrialization spilling over into Canada Industry stimulated by railroad construction
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Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution
Mass Production Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney (United States, 1765–1825) Invention of cotton gin (1793) Also technique of using machine tools to make interchangeable parts for firearms Mass production rapidly became hallmark of industrial societies Henry Ford, 1913, developed assembly-line approach Completed automobile chassis every 93 minutes Previously: 728 minutes
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Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution
Big Business Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Large factories required start-up capital Corporations formed to share risk, maximize profits Britain and France laid foundations for modern corporation, 1850– 1860s Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels Large corporations formed blocs to drive out competition, keep prices high John D. Rockefeller controlled almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S. German firm IG Farben controlled as much as 90% of chemical production Governments often slow to control monopolies
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The Demographic Transition
Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Industrializing lands experienced marked decline in both fertility and mortality Better diets Improved disease control Smallpox vaccine (1797) At first, mortality fell faster than fertility Over time, declining birthrates led to lower population growth, relative demographic stability Birth Control Ancient and medieval methods: unreliable, unrealistic, often dangerous to health Male condom was first efficient means of contraception without negative side effects Made from animal intestines in seventeenth century, latex in nineteenth century Raising offspring cost more in industrial societies Children also more likely to survive into adulthood
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Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution
The Urban Environment Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Urbanization proceeded dramatically 1800: about 20% of British population lived in towns with population of 10,000 or more 1900: 75% lived in urban environments Pattern repeated in rest of industrialized world Intensified industrial pollution City centers became overcrowded, unsanitary Income determined degree of comfort, security Transcontinental Migration Nineteenth to early twentieth century, rapid population growth drove Europeans to Americas 50 million crossed Atlantic British migrants to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon tsarist persecution Many entered workforce of United States Aided rapid U.S. industrialization
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Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution
New Social Classes Economic factors resulted in decline of slavery Capitalist wealth brought new status to non-aristocratic families New urban classes of professionals Blue-collar factory workers Urban environment also created new types of diversions Sporting events Women at Home and Work Agriculture and domestic manufacturing had easily accommodated women Industrialization changed terms of work Working-class women were expected to work until marriage, often after marriage as well Domestic service Labor-saving devices replaced women’s industrial jobs Middle-class women confined to domestic sphere Expected to conform to new models of behavior
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Child Labor Easily exploited, abused 1840s, British Parliament began to pass child labor laws Moral concerns removed children from labor pool Also, need for educated workforce
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The Socialist Challenge
Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution The Socialist Challenge Socialism first used in context of utopian socialists Charles Fourier (1772–1837) and Robert Owen (1771–1858) Opposed competition of market system Attempted to create small model communities Inspirational for larger social units
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Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)
Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Karl Marx (1818–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) Two major classes: Capitalists, who control means of production Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor Exploitative nature of capitalist system Religion: “opiate of the masses” The Communist Manifesto Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in favor of a “dictatorship of the proletariat”
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Social Reform and Trade Unions
Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Social Reform and Trade Unions Socialism had major impact on nineteenth-century reformers Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemployment compensation, retirement benefits Trade unions formed for collective bargaining Strikes to address workers’ concerns
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Global Effects of Industrialization
Chapter 29 Industrial Revolution Global Effects of Industrialization Geographic division of labor Some peoples produced raw materials Others processed and consumed them Uneven economic development Developing export dependencies of Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and southeast Asia Low wages, small domestic markets
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