1. REVIEW SLIDES

2. NOTE:
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3. REGULATION OF METABOLISM
Chapter 19
REGULATION OF METABOLISM

4. The “animal starch” long-chain polysaccharide stored in the liver is called __________________.

5. The “animal starch” long-chain polysaccharide stored in the liver is called ________glycogen__.

6. The hormone that lowers blood sugar is called __________.

7. The hormone that lowers blood sugar is called _insulin__.

8. Insulin resistance refers to

9. Insulin resistance refers to a reduction in the target tissue sensitivity to insulin.

10. The expression of the genetic tendency towards diabetes is increased by obesity. This is particularly true if the obesity involves an “____________ shape,” with large adipocytes in the greater omentum (visceral fat).

11. The expression of the genetic tendency towards diabetes is increased by obesity. This is particularly true if the obesity involves an “______apple_ shape,” with large adipocytes in the greater omentum (visceral fat).

12. People who are prediabetic may have ________ ___________ ___________, which is currently defined by the American Diabetes Association as a repeatable fasting plasma glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL. This impaired glucose tolerance is accompanied by higher insulin secretion.

13. People who are prediabetic may have impaired ___glucose_ __tolerance, which is currently defined by the American Diabetes Association as a repeatable fasting plasma glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL. This impaired glucose tolerance is accompanied by higher insulin secretion.

14. The glycated hemoglobin test, called hemoglobin _____ is a measure of the average blood glucose level over a few months and does not require overnight fasting.

15. The glycated hemoglobin test, called hemoglobin _A1c_ is a measure of the average blood glucose level over a few months and does not require overnight fasting.
An A1c measurement of about 5% is normal, whereas an A1c of 5.7% to 6.4% indicates prediabetes.

16. Type I diabetes is known to be due to an ________________________ disorder.

17. Type I diabetes is known to be due to an _____autoimmune____ disorder.

18. _____________________ could result from an elevated level of blood ketone bodies, which leads to acidification.

19. __ketoacidosis____________ could result from an elevated level of blood ketone bodies, which leads to acidification.

20. Diabetes mellitus causes a person to urinate more than usual because the ketones and glucose that build up in the blood spill into the nephron tubule where they exceed the capacity of their transporters to be _______________.

21. Diabetes mellitus causes a person to urinate more than usual because the ketones and glucose that build up in the blood spill into the nephron tubule where they exceed the capacity of their transporters to be reabsorbed.

22. Due to the lack of insulin that accompanies Type I diabetes, the hormone _______________ is secreted by the pancreas. This hormone travels to the liver, where it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, called _______________.

23. Due to the lack of insulin that accompanies Type I diabetes, the hormone ______glucagon_ is secreted by the pancreas. This hormone travels to the liver, where it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen, called _glycogenolysis__.

24. Define “reactive hypoglycemia”

25. Define “reactive hypoglycemia”
An oversecretion of insulin reduced blood glucose levels. It is caused by an exaggerated response of the beta cells to a rise in blood glucose, and is most commonly seen in adults who are genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes.

26. The drug, metformin (Glucophage) is used to treat type 2 diabetes by reducing the hemoglobin A1c levels.
Metformin lowers blood glucose primarily by inhibiting hepatic _________________, the process by which glucose is created from non-carbohydrate molecules.

27. The drug, metformin (Glucophage) is used to treat type 2 diabetes by reducing the hemoglobin A1c levels.
Metformin lowers blood glucose primarily by inhibiting hepatic _gluconeogenesis_, the process by which glucose is created from non-carbohydrate molecules.

28. The _____________ medulla secretes epinephrine and norpepinephrine in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.

29. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norpepinephrine in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation.

30. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have effects similar to the hormone, ______________, from the pancreas, which serves to mobilize the secretion of glucose into the blood.

31. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have effects similar to the hormone, ___glucagon_, from the pancreas, which serves to mobilize the secretion of glucose into the blood.

32. There are two categories of adrenal cortex hormones: 1) __________________ and 2) __________________.

33. There are two categories of adrenal cortex hormones: 1) _glucocorticoids_ and 2) _mineralocorticoids___.

34. The mineralocorticoid released from the adrenal cortex is called

35. The mineralocorticoid released from the adrenal cortex is called aldosterone.

36. The two hormones, secreted by the thyroid gland, in response to stimulation by TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) are _______________ and ____________.

37. The two hormones, secreted by the thyroid gland, in response to stimulation by TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) are __thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine (T4))__ and __triiodothyronine (T3)_.

38. T4 travels in the blood and then becomes T3 in cells
T4 travels in the blood and then becomes T3 in cells. After its conversion to T3, it stimulates the rate of cell respiration by

39. T4 travels in the blood and then becomes T3 in cells
T4 travels in the blood and then becomes T3 in cells. After its conversion to T3, it stimulates the rate of cell respiration by stimulating the production of uncoupling proteins.
Uncoupling proteins “uncouple” the electron transport chain (in cell respiration), which lowers ATP production. In a negative feedback effect, lowered ATP stimulates cell respiration and therefore basal metabolic rate is raised and heat is produced.

40. General adaptation syndrome (in response to stress), results in the secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the pituitary. ACTH stimulates the production of

41. General adaptation syndrome (in response to stress), results in the secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from the pituitary. ACTH stimulates the production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.

42. Prolonged fasting or exercise leads to the release of _______________ from the adrenal cortex.

43. Prolonged fasting or exercise leads to the release of __glucocorticoids__ from the adrenal cortex.

44. The fat soluble vitamins are

45. The fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K.

46. Body mass index provides an indication of __________

47. Body mass index provides an indication of obesity (body fat)

48. Adipokines are ____________ released by adipose tissue

49. Adipokines are _hormones_ released by adipose tissue

50. Adipokines, which are increased in obese people, may cause _________ , which contributes to diabetes

51. Adipokines, which are increased in obese people, may cause insulin resistance , which contributes to diabetes

52. CH 19
Essential nutrients are

53. CH 19
Essential nutrients are those the body must take in through diet

54. CH 19
Glucagon ___________ blood sugar

55. CH 19
Glucagon _lowers_ blood sugar

56. Describe the roles of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and thyroid hormones on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism

57. Describe the roles of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and thyroid hormones on carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism