1. Plug-in and electric buses
Edward Jobson

2. Energy use, person transports French fleet study by ADEME
City traffic
Regional traffic
Intercity traffic 80
>2L
<2L 60 cc cc
Energy use per person (g eq petrol / passenger km) cc cc 2L 40
1.4L 20
Volvo 9700*
BRT*
Tram
Metro MC
Bus
Cars
Volvo 7700* Hybrid
Bus
Light rail
Region trains
Cars MC
Coach
Intercity trains
High speed trains
Car
Air
Source: ADEME,
* Volvo data on BRT and hybrid performance related to respective traffic conditions

3. Well to wheel. Making and using biogas or electricity?
Biomass to Biogas as fuel for the bus
Biomass to Electricity
as energy for the bus
The electricity will drive 3
fully electric buses one year
Assuming that this energy will
drive one biogas bus one year
80 % more energy

4. 7700 Diesel
25%
35%
37%
39%
Fuel consumption decrease
7700 Hybrid Field test
7700
Hybrid launch
7900
Hybrid Light weight
7900
Hybrid Electric door
Project start
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012

5. Diesel Hybrid 7700 Diesel: 13.7 l/h 7700 Hybrid: 9.6 l/h
Saving: 4.1 l/h
7700 Diesel: 8.5 l/h
7700 Hybrid: 6.0 l/h
Saving: 2.5 l/h

6. Fuel consumption -required to reach speed…
Breaking from 64 km/h = 10x breaking from 20 km/h
Speed km/h
Litre per acceleration X km/h
Full bus 18 tonnes
Empty bus 12 tonnes
Environmental Conference, May 2011
Edward Jobson

7. Volvo 7900 Plug-in Hybrid March 2013 Field test Charging principles
Beyond Euro VI Serial Production
Data
10-20 km Electric range
5-10 min Charging time
Plug-in from all infrastructure
Energy use 30-40% of diesel
Charging principles
Tram
Trolley
Induction
Slide-in

8. Charging infrastructure -minimising cost
Bus stop with charging
Bus stop without charging

9. Electric buses

10. Fully Electric Buses Strengths Weaknesses
1, Fully electrical 2, Energy efficient (1-1.4 kWh/km) 3, Silent 4, Acceptable performance in slow city traffic km/h 5, Potentially compatible with tram and trolley buses 6, Price competitive to trams and trolleybuses
1, Additional weight or frequent charging 2, Additional cost or limited range 3, Low uphill performance 4, Issues with hot/cold climate 5, Design impact 6, Infrastructure required 7, Cost for infrastructure 8, No infra-structure standard 9, Charge power is high kW

11. The path towards Green Efficiency
Hybrid
Diesel
Hybrid Plug-in
City Bus Market
Fully electric
2010
Future

12. Optimised public transports -Daily travel
School bus Fully electric
BRT Hybrid bus
Train Express bus +bio fuel
Feeder Hybrid bus + plug-in
Critical time ~60 minutes km/h Bus km/h Train -600 km/h Air
Down town Hybrid bus Fully electric

13. 25% of the time the bus use 75% of the energy

14. 50% of the time buses move 10% of the distance

15. Summary Future technology parallel development
Hybrid bus + Plug-in hybrids
Diesel
Fully electrical buses
Drivers
Noise
Energy efficiency
Synergies with cars and trucks
Environmental impact less than Euro VI already today
Less dependency on oil
Low infra structure requirement

17. Back-up slides for discussion
Department, Name, Document name, Security Class
Date

18. Drive distance with same available energy
Why Electro mobility?
The main driver for electro mobility is “Energy Efficiency”
Linked to energy efficiency is:
Low to no tailpipe emissions
Low interior and exterior noise
Low CO2 emissions
Low LCC
Drive distance with same available energy
Diesel 10 Km 48 kWh
Hybrid 14.2 km
* Technical limitations -Range -Charge Frequency -Charging time
Plug-in Hybrid 25 km *
Full electric (Normal bus) 34 km *
Full electric (Light bus) 44 km

19. Green house gases Transport sector Global green house gases
Stern Report

20. Carbon dioxide emissions from power production, European countries

21. 7700 Hybrid Yearly Fuel Saving
l/year
l/year
l/year
l/year

22. Volvo Hybrid Technology -the myth maker
Not long ago the established truth about hybrid buses was:
Recent facts
Hybrid buses may show good results in the laboratory, but in real traffic the saving is much less.
Statistics from more than 200 Volvo hybrid buses in operation shows savings of in average 32% fuel relative a new diesel bus.
Hybrid buses have low availability.
The availability is higher than for diesel buses. In London for example 98% is reported.
Hybrid buses needs special drivers and education.
Driver education is always positive for safety and fuel consumption. However, hybrid buses show high savings with all drivers.
The hybrid technology is not mature.
Out of the first ten hybrid customers eight have already come back for additional orders. -Once hybrids, always hybrids.
Hybrid buses are only suitable for slow and dense city traffic.
Volvo hybrid technologyhave high fuel savings in al types of operation from slow urban to regional traffic.

24. No reason to wait, the 7900 Hybrid is the quantum leap we all have been waiting for
37% lower fuel consumption
No emissions at the bus stop
50% lower hazardous emissions
Silent take-off
8% higher capacity, 8% less buses
Highest availability, highest reliability
High savings both in city and in commuting
The productivity (VLP) is increased by 8.3% (21% when environmental load is included)

25. Comparing Technologies
40%
Volvo ISAM on 7700 hybrid as reported by customers
30%
Serial hybrid*
Parallel hybrid*
Fuel saving %
20%
10% 0% 10 20 30 40 50 60
* Commercial hybrid packages from supplier industry
Average speed in route (km/h)
European Bus Market Share of buses vs route
speed over full life time -
Data based on
Volvo buses.
29%
Fleet %
18%
18%
15%
13% 5%
Average speed in route (km/h)

26. Volvo 7700 Hybrids -in Europe
Exponential market growth more than 450 hybrid buses sold 26

27. Volvo Buses European Environmental Cost http://europa
k€ 270
k€ 225
Euro VI
Particulates
NOx
CO2
Energy
k€ 235
k€ 148
Volvo 7900 Diesel
Volvo 7900 Biogas
Volvo 7900 Hybrid