1. MACROMOLECULES PROTEINS

2. WHAT ARE PROTEINS?
Proteins are the most diverse molecules in living organisms.
Make up 50% of most cells
EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN LIVING THINGS!
Involved in almost everything that cells do.
Shape (Structure) is directly related to what they do (Function)
STRUCTURE  FUNCTION
ENZYMES: Special proteins that help reactions happen in cells (more on these later)!

3. JUST SOME EXAMPLES OF WHY PROTEINS ARE IMPORTANT:
Structural building blocks:
Hair (karatin)
Fingernails (karatin)
Functional Molecules
Antibodies (identify and remove harmful particles from body – Immune System)
Hemoglobin (transports oxygen through body)
Protein Carriers (move substances in and out of cells)
AND SO MUCH MORE!!!!!

4. FROM DNA TO PROTEIN One Gene, One Polypeptide
Each Gene on the DNA codes for
a different polypeptide
One Gene, One Polypeptide
A polypeptide
Is a simple
protein
A gene is
a section
of DNA

5. FROM DNA TO PROTEIN The Genetic information in DNA codes
SPECIFICALLY for production of PROTEINS
and NOTHING ELSE.
No Carbs!
No Lipids!

6. Amino Acids (AAs) WHAT ARE PROTEINS MADE OF?.
A protein is a polymer made
up of monomers called:
REVIEW:
What is a Monomer?
The building block of polymers (macromolecules)
2) What is the monomer of a Carbohydrate?
A Monosaccharide
3) What are the monomers of Lipids?
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Amino Acids (AAs) 6

7. AMINO ACIDS All AAs have: A Carboxyl Group (-COOH)
An Amino Group (-NH2)
A Hydrogen Atom (-H)
A Side Chain (-R)
Also called an R group
There are 22 different
R groups.
Therefore,
22 different Amino Acids
We are focusing on the AAs in plants and animals. Other types of organisms have different AAs.
Essential Aas (10)
Body cannot make,
so you must consume
them.
meat, fish, eggs.
Non-essential Aas (12)
Body can make.
Nuts, seeds, beans

8. THE 22 AMINO ACIDS MAIN IDEA:
The R groups differ between AAs giving them different chemical properties:
Acidic
Basic
Polar
Non-Polar
There are 2 AAs missing here.
They were discovered relatively recently.

9. DNA  POLYPEPTIDE Protein Synthesis. The process by which a protein
DNA Contains Genes
One gene tells the cell which order to put the AAs in to create a specific protein.
The AAs are linked together by
Peptide Bonds
A chain of Amino Acids is called a
Polypeptide.
The process by which a protein
Protein Synthesis.
is made is called

10. LEVELS OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
The different R groups on the AAs attract and repel each other in different ways.
This is why proteins are so varied and can fulfill so many functions.
There are four levels of protein structure, increasing in complexity, depending on how the AAs interact with each other.
Primary
Structure
Secondary
Structure
Tertiary
Structure
Quaternary
Structure
Areas of coils and
pleated sheets due
to hydrogen bonding within a polypeptide
Eg. Hair
Shape of multiple polypeptides interacting together.
Eg. Enzymes
Amino Acid
Sequence of a
Polypeptide
Overall shape of a polypeptide
Eg. Hormones

11. CHANGING THE ORDER OF AAs CHANGES THE PROTEIN
If the structure of a polypeptide is changed, it will effect the function of the resulting protein.
STRUCTURE  FUNCTION.
"Willfdfd
fdfdfdfdfdfdfd
you do it?" "Do you will it? ad more:  you do it?" "Do you will it?"
USING THE CODE, DECIPHER THE SENTENCES
ORIGINAL: 1) ________ _______ _______ _______ ?
   
2) ________ _______ _______ _______ ?
   
3) ________ _______ _______ _______ ?
   
Code
 = it
 = will
 = you
 = do
In this analogy, words represent ______________and the sentences represent ____________________.
If you change the order of the ____________, you change the meaning of the ___________________. The new sentence may have a different meaning or not make sense at all.
Similarly, If the order of ___________are changed, the _________________ will fold up differently, resulting in a protein with a different ____________ and therefore different ______________, or a protein that does not work.

12. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder.
Red blood cells contain an important protein, hemoglobin.
One AA is replaced by another in the polypeptide (glutamate  valine)
The change causes the red blood cell to become crescent-shaped (sickled).
Causes clots in vessels resulting in severe fatigue to death.

13. PROTEIN DENATURATION
When the structure of a protein is changed due to an external stress.
Stresses
Heat
Radiation
Change in salt concentration
Change in pH
Stresses cause the protein to uncoil or change shape, changing its function.
Change can be temporary or permanent.